We’re committed to improving our ecosystems, quality of life, and communities for the better.
Our passion and commitment to the integration of innovative science and engineering drive us to exceed on behalf of every client.
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The lake, a small impoundment of Peekskill Hollow Creek, serves as a vital recreational resource for the community. Princeton Hydro’s initial study was structured around three core tasks: (1) analysis of long-term water quality data, (2) development of an updated pollutant budget, and (3) formulation of short- and long-term management strategies. The analysis revealed a steady increase in conductivity and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations over the past two decades, indicating rising nutrient loads and a shift toward eutrophic conditions. Elevated TP levels were directly linked to increased algal biomass, particularly harmful cyanobacteria producing microcystin-LR, which exceeded safe swimming thresholds in 2014. The updated pollutant budget identified septic system leachate (55%) and stormwater runoff (22%) as the primary sources of phosphorus entering the lake. Internal loading from sediments and atmospheric deposition also contributed to the nutrient burden. To address these issues, Princeton Hydro proposed a suite of in-lake management interventions focused on the lake’s three public beaches. Recommendations included installing electric water pumps to improve circulation at Carrara’s Beach and ozone/aeration systems at Singer’s and North Beaches to reduce organic buildup and mitigate algal blooms. These nature-based, non-chemical solutions were designed to provide immediate relief while longer-term watershed improvements, such as septic upgrades and stormwater controls, are pursued. The plan emphasized the need for community engagement, regulatory coordination, and sustainable implementation to restore and protect Lake Peekskill’s ecological health and recreational value. Building on this foundational work, Princeton Hydro was re-engaged in 2022 by the Lake Peekskill Civic Association (LPCA) and the Town of Putnam Valley to provide additional lake management services. The team developed a comprehensive Lake Management Plan aimed at identifying and prioritizing cost-effective green infrastructure and stormwater Best Management Practices (BMPs) for implementation by the Town. The goal was to reduce nutrient loading, improve water quality, mitigate nuisance aquatic vegetation, prevent harmful algal blooms (HABs), and enhance overall stormwater management within the watershed. This phase of work included a detailed analysis of historical water quality data, a submerged aquatic macrophyte survey, and a field-based water quality assessment. Princeton Hydro also conducted a pollutant removal analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of specific watershed-based management techniques. The resulting plan provided a clear roadmap for reducing annual pollutant loads and minimizing the occurrence and severity of HABs through targeted, science-based interventions. The recommendations were designed to be actionable, scalable, and aligned with the Town’s capacity and resources, reinforcing the long-term commitment to restoring and maintaining the health of Lake Peekskill. [post_title] => Lake Peekskill Watershed Management Planning [post_excerpt] => [post_status] => publish [comment_status] => closed [ping_status] => closed [post_password] => [post_name] => lake-peekskill-watershed-management-planning [to_ping] => [pinged] => [post_modified] => 2026-03-06 13:38:57 [post_modified_gmt] => 2026-03-06 13:38:57 [post_content_filtered] => [post_parent] => 0 [guid] => https://princetonhydro.com/?post_type=project&p=19291 [menu_order] => 0 [post_type] => project [post_mime_type] => [comment_count] => 0 [filter] => raw ) [1] => WP_Post Object ( [ID] => 18806 [post_author] => 1 [post_date] => 2025-12-08 21:45:24 [post_date_gmt] => 2025-12-08 21:45:24 [post_content] => The Mountain Lake Community Association and Watershed Advisory Group is the oldest and largest nonprofit organization in Warren County, New Jersey. Increasing concerns regarding water quality conditions of Mountain Lake prompted the Liberty Township Committee to establish a Lake Study Group which was tasked to develop a long-term monitoring plan, analyze and synthesize data, and provide comprehensive lake and watershed management planning. [gallery columns="2" link="none" size="medium" ids="18811,18807"] For this project, Princeton Hydro conducted a thorough review of the background data, logistical and equipment capabilities of the group, and developed a monitoring implementation plan for the 2021 growing season. Following plan development, Princeton Hydro aquatic ecologists conducted a field-based volunteer training session which taught the volunteers how to collect in-situ, laboratory, and plankton data in addition to general field observations. Data handling, quality control, and analysis techniques were also reviewed with the group. This data is currently being used by the group to provide the scientific data necessary to diagnose potential lake problems and as an objective benchmark for the recommendation of management solutions. [gallery link="none" size="medium" ids="18812,18808,18809"] [post_title] => Volunteer Water Quality Monitoring Training with the Mountain Lake Community Association [post_excerpt] => [post_status] => publish [comment_status] => closed [ping_status] => closed [post_password] => [post_name] => volunteer-water-quality-monitoring-training-with-the-mountain-lake-community-association [to_ping] => [pinged] => [post_modified] => 2025-12-08 21:45:24 [post_modified_gmt] => 2025-12-08 21:45:24 [post_content_filtered] => [post_parent] => 0 [guid] => https://princetonhydro.com/?post_type=project&p=18806 [menu_order] => 0 [post_type] => project [post_mime_type] => [comment_count] => 0 [filter] => raw ) [2] => WP_Post Object ( [ID] => 18795 [post_author] => 1 [post_date] => 2025-11-05 17:12:57 [post_date_gmt] => 2025-11-05 17:12:57 [post_content] => Princeton Hydro and our project partner, the American Littoral Society, developed living shoreline designs for Nyack Beach State Park. The project goal was to create shorelines resilient to extreme storms and increase resilience to damages linked to climate change while enhancing ecological values and preserving public use of the site. The final selected shoreline designs were consistent with the Master Plan for the Nyack Beach State Park and promoted goals of the 2010-2014 Hudson River Estuary Action Agenda. With these goals and objectives in mind, the Princeton Hydro team worked closely with the Hudson River Estuary Program (HREP), Nyack Beach State Park staff, and the other project stakeholders to generate ecologically-enhanced, engineered shoreline treatments that resist erosion, enhance the recreational use of the site, and improve habitat for fish and wildlife species. The Princeton Hydro team consulted state and federal regulations governing waterfront projects and took into consideration guidance offered directly by New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) during the early stages of design development. A “tread lightly” approach was taken, promoting nature-based solutions. Satisfactory existing elements of the site, including post-Hurricane-Sandy repairs to the park and its shoreline, were enhanced rather than redone. [gallery link="none" columns="2" size="medium" ids="18794,18793"] A large portion of the selected design included access to the river and the park’s intertidal, nearshore areas. Thus, the project approach would need to be sensitive to park use by visitors. At the same time, as directed by the Nyack Beach State Park staff, our designs were designed to minimize the maintenance responsibilities of park staff. [post_title] => Sustainable Shoreline at Nyack Beach State Park [post_excerpt] => [post_status] => publish [comment_status] => closed [ping_status] => closed [post_password] => [post_name] => sustainable-shoreline-at-nyack-beach-state-park [to_ping] => [pinged] => [post_modified] => 2025-12-08 21:44:20 [post_modified_gmt] => 2025-12-08 21:44:20 [post_content_filtered] => [post_parent] => 0 [guid] => https://princetonhydro.com/?post_type=project&p=18795 [menu_order] => 0 [post_type] => project [post_mime_type] => [comment_count] => 0 [filter] => raw ) [3] => WP_Post Object ( [ID] => 18610 [post_author] => 1 [post_date] => 2025-11-05 14:49:39 [post_date_gmt] => 2025-11-05 14:49:39 [post_content] => The Anchor QEA–Princeton Hydro team was selected by Audubon New York (and its partners Save the Sound and New York State Parks) to design the restoration and enhancement of an approximately 400-acre tidal marsh on the north-central coast of Long Island. The marsh has experienced restricted tidal flow since an earthen berm was breached in 2012 during Superstorm Sandy. The restricted tidal flow led to marsh degradation, which converted portions of the former salt marsh to brackish and freshwater marsh. The lack of tidal flushing also enabled invasive Phragmites australis to establish and spread within the marsh system. Design goals included:
In response to recurring water quality issues, including a significant cyanobacterial bloom in 2014 that led to prolonged beach closures, the Town of Putnam Valley engaged Princeton Hydro to revise and update the Lake Peekskill Watershed Management Plan. The lake, a small impoundment of Peekskill Hollow Creek, serves as a vital recreational resource for the community. Princeton Hydro’s initial study was structured around three core tasks: (1) analysis of long-term water quality data, (2) development of an updated pollutant budget, and (3) formulation of short- and long-term management strategies.
The analysis revealed a steady increase in conductivity and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations over the past two decades, indicating rising nutrient loads and a shift toward eutrophic conditions. Elevated TP levels were directly linked to increased algal biomass, particularly harmful cyanobacteria producing microcystin-LR, which exceeded safe swimming thresholds in 2014. The updated pollutant budget identified septic system leachate (55%) and stormwater runoff (22%) as the primary sources of phosphorus entering the lake. Internal loading from sediments and atmospheric deposition also contributed to the nutrient burden.
To address these issues, Princeton Hydro proposed a suite of in-lake management interventions focused on the lake’s three public beaches. Recommendations included installing electric water pumps to improve circulation at Carrara’s Beach and ozone/aeration systems at Singer’s and North Beaches to reduce organic buildup and mitigate algal blooms. These nature-based, non-chemical solutions were designed to provide immediate relief while longer-term watershed improvements, such as septic upgrades and stormwater controls, are pursued. The plan emphasized the need for community engagement, regulatory coordination, and sustainable implementation to restore and protect Lake Peekskill’s ecological health and recreational value.
Building on this foundational work, Princeton Hydro was re-engaged in 2022 by the Lake Peekskill Civic Association (LPCA) and the Town of Putnam Valley to provide additional lake management services. The team developed a comprehensive Lake Management Plan aimed at identifying and prioritizing cost-effective green infrastructure and stormwater Best Management Practices (BMPs) for implementation by the Town. The goal was to reduce nutrient loading, improve water quality, mitigate nuisance aquatic vegetation, prevent harmful algal blooms (HABs), and enhance overall stormwater management within the watershed.
This phase of work included a detailed analysis of historical water quality data, a submerged aquatic macrophyte survey, and a field-based water quality assessment. Princeton Hydro also conducted a pollutant removal analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of specific watershed-based management techniques. The resulting plan provided a clear roadmap for reducing annual pollutant loads and minimizing the occurrence and severity of HABs through targeted, science-based interventions. The recommendations were designed to be actionable, scalable, and aligned with the Town’s capacity and resources, reinforcing the long-term commitment to restoring and maintaining the health of Lake Peekskill.
The Mountain Lake Community Association and Watershed Advisory Group is the oldest and largest nonprofit organization in Warren County, New Jersey. Increasing concerns regarding water quality conditions of Mountain Lake prompted the Liberty Township Committee to establish a Lake Study Group which was tasked to develop a long-term monitoring plan, analyze and synthesize data, and provide comprehensive lake and watershed management planning.
For this project, Princeton Hydro conducted a thorough review of the background data, logistical and equipment capabilities of the group, and developed a monitoring implementation plan for the 2021 growing season.
Following plan development, Princeton Hydro aquatic ecologists conducted a field-based volunteer training session which taught the volunteers how to collect in-situ, laboratory, and plankton data in addition to general field observations. Data handling, quality control, and analysis techniques were also reviewed with the group. This data is currently being used by the group to provide the scientific data necessary to diagnose potential lake problems and as an objective benchmark for the recommendation of management solutions.
Princeton Hydro and our project partner, the American Littoral Society, developed living shoreline designs for Nyack Beach State Park. The project goal was to create shorelines resilient to extreme storms and increase resilience to damages linked to climate change while enhancing ecological values and preserving public use of the site.
The final selected shoreline designs were consistent with the Master Plan for the Nyack Beach State Park and promoted goals of the 2010-2014 Hudson River Estuary Action Agenda. With these goals and objectives in mind, the Princeton Hydro team worked closely with the Hudson River Estuary Program (HREP), Nyack Beach State Park staff, and the other project stakeholders to generate ecologically-enhanced, engineered shoreline treatments that resist erosion, enhance the recreational use of the site, and improve habitat for fish and wildlife species.
The Princeton Hydro team consulted state and federal regulations governing waterfront projects and took into consideration guidance offered directly by New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) during the early stages of design development. A “tread lightly” approach was taken, promoting nature-based solutions. Satisfactory existing elements of the site, including post-Hurricane-Sandy repairs to the park and its shoreline, were enhanced rather than redone.
A large portion of the selected design included access to the river and the park’s intertidal, nearshore areas. Thus, the project approach would need to be sensitive to park use by visitors. At the same time, as directed by the Nyack Beach State Park staff, our designs were designed to minimize the maintenance responsibilities of park staff.
The Anchor QEA–Princeton Hydro team was selected by Audubon New York (and its partners Save the Sound and New York State Parks) to design the restoration and enhancement of an approximately 400-acre tidal marsh on the north-central coast of Long Island. The marsh has experienced restricted tidal flow since an earthen berm was breached in 2012 during Superstorm Sandy. The restricted tidal flow led to marsh degradation, which converted portions of the former salt marsh to brackish and freshwater marsh. The lack of tidal flushing also enabled invasive Phragmites australis to establish and spread within the marsh system.
The Anchor QEA–Princeton Hydro team developed 60% Designs, including design drawings, a cost estimate, a long-term management plan, and a QAPP. The project design includes dredging approximately 15,000 cubic yards of material from Sunken Meadow Creek and thin layer placement of dredged material onto adjacent marsh cells to develop low and high marsh footprints; treating approximately 20 acres of Phragmites australis and phased replanting the areas with native species; creating approximately 2,000 linear feet of channels in the marsh and improving approximately 8,500 linear feet of existing channels to enhance drainage and tidal flushing; creating tidal pools and installing anchored rootwads to promote habitat diversity; modifying existing culverts within the primary flow channel through the marsh; and planting within the high and low salt marsh footprints.
Moorestown Township, located in Southern New Jersey, has about 22 miles of streams and 106 acres of lakes and ponds within its borders, including Strawbridge Lake. There are portions of three watersheds for Strawbridge Lake in the Township: the Rancocas Creek, the Pennsauken Creek, and Pompeston Creek/Swede Run. These are subdivided into eight subwatersheds located within Moorestown. In 2010, all eight of these subwatersheds were impaired for one or more designated uses. The most common cause of impairment was phosphorus. As a result, in 2017, Princeton Hydro authored the Strawbridge Lake Watershed and Restoration Plan, a USEPA 9-Element Plan for the management and restoration of the lake and its watershed.
Since 2017, our team has implemented several nonpoint source targeted stormwater management projects in the watershed for the Township. Specifically, the Township has restored and upgraded a passive stormwater basin at the site of Strawbridge Lake Park. The basin was upgraded to be passive, vegetated stormwater conveyance and treatment BMPs that filter and attenuate stormwater runoff from adjacent areas. This project was identified in the Strawbridge Lake Watershed and Restoration Plan.
Additionally, the Children’s Pond forebay area of Strawbridge Lake was also recently dredged and restored. This dredging was also identified in the Strawbridge Lake Watershed and Restoration Plan.
These projects act as an excellent example of green infrastructure within the community and provide both public access and education opportunities explaining the overall lake and stormwater quality. These projects have also included a major education and outreach element. Through education and outreach efforts, the Township has promoted on-lot green infrastructure techniques, including such techniques as: rainwater harvesting, bioretention systems, porous pavement, and other easy-to-implement, grassroots best management practices and low impact development techniques that the surrounding community can use.
The Gloucester County Solid Waste Complex (GCSWC) was required to implement a grassland bird habitat and hibernacula mitigation and maintenance plan, totaling 71.34-acres, within an undeveloped southern portion of GCSWC land (Site). This mitigation and maintenance plan was required to offset an expansion of the existing landfill into an area which presently provides suitable grassland bird habitat. In addition to the creation of grassland bird habitat, the Permit Modification also required the implementation of periodic grassland bird surveys to document the development of the grassland and to ensure that suitable grassland habitat has been created which supports breeding grassland bird species.
Princeton Hydro assessed the existing ecological communities within a portion of the undeveloped land within the GCSWC, which was being targeted for the creation of grassland bird habitat and a hibernacula mitigation and maintenance plan. This effort identified the existing ecological communities, documented plant species, provided recommendations for grassland habitat enhancement within the existing ecological communities where warranted, provided guidelines for hibernaculum creation, and provided seed mix recommendations to create quality grassland bird habitat. This report, the “Grassland Habitat Ecological Communities Analysis”, served as the basis for the habitat creation efforts on-Site.
Concomitant to the implementation of the recommended restoration measures outlined in the Grassland Habitat Ecological Communities Analysis document, Princeton Hydro developed a systematic monitoring plan for the avian species on-Site, titled “The Grassland Bird Species and Hibernacula Monitoring Plan”. In 2023, the recommended management measures were implemented, including the application of the recommended upland and wet meadow seed mixes installed within a 70-acre portion of the Site. The seed mixes were selected to include native, desirable grassland flora which are preferred by grassland nesting avifauna. In addition to the creation of grassland bird habitat, approximately 1.34-acres of wildlife hibernacula, designed by Princeton Hydro, were installed. Subsequent to habitat implementation measures, it was determined in early 2024 that the grassland seed mix had germinated successfully, and in response, the grassland bird species monitoring was initiated for the 2024 breeding season.
Results of the first monitoring of the grassland indicate that it has developed quality habitat in its initial growing season. Additionally, the created habitat was supporting a number of grassland obligate and grassland edge breeding bird species. Point count and incidental avian surveys of the Site documented the presence of grassland and grassland edge breeding birds throughout the breeding season. These species included New Jersey State Threatened Breeding Species Grasshopper Sparrow, Horned Lark, and American Kestrel, and Special Concern Breeding Species Field Sparrow, Bank Swallow, and Brown Thrasher. In addition to these species which possess a New Jersey State listing designation, a number of additional grassland obligate, open country, and grassland edge species were documented, including a rare New Jersey breeding species in Dickcissel, along with Blue Grosbeak, Indigo Bunting, Song Sparrow, Red-winged Blackbird, Orchard Oriole, and Eastern Kingbird. Confirmations of successful breeding (i.e. nests, fledged young, feeding young, etc.) were observed in many of these species, indicating that the Site is already productive for the targeted grassland avifauna.
Lake Holiday is a 249-acre impoundment that acts as the aesthetic center point and primary ecological feature for the Lake Holiday Country Club (LHCC) in Cross Junction, Virginia. The lake is used for boating, swimming, and fishing for the surrounding community.
In 2016, the lake experienced a cyanobacteria-driven harmful algal bloom (HAB) which impacted contact recreation in the lake, as well as aesthetic value. In 2017, the LHCC engaged Princeton Hydro to understand the driving mechanisms behind the bloom and to recommend preventative management techniques to reduce the chances of future bloom formation. The first step in this process was water quality testing of the lake inclusive of in-situ, discrete laboratory, and plankton analyses. This study also included stormwater monitoring of the incoming tributaries throughout the lake. Following this study, Princeton Hydro modeled the watershed-based load of nutrients and hydrology in addition to evaluating the internal phosphorus load. The results of this effort showed the watershed load of phosphorus was the largest driver of algal growth. Following this effort, Princeton Hydro provided design of two emergent wetland best management practices (BMPs) at the mouths of Isaacs Creek and Yeiders Run through 30% completion.
In addition to the projects mentioned above, Princeton Hydro has developed a HAB monitoring, response, and management plan for the community. This plan provides specific volunteer-based monitoring that should be conducted to detect a bloom and includes subsequent information for community notification, follow-up testing, and management.
Throughout these endeavors, the LHCC has hired Princeton Hydro to monitor the lakes’ water quality to track its ecological condition over time and document improvements as management measures are implemented.
Mercer County’s John A. Roebling Memorial Park offers residents in the surrounding area a freshwater marsh with river fishing, kayaking, hiking, and wildlife-watching. The park contains the northernmost freshwater tidal marsh on the Delaware River, Abbott Marshland. Tidal marshes, like the 3,000-acre Abbott Marshlands, contain valuable habitat for many rare species like River Otter, American Eel, Bald Eagle, and many species of wading birds. Unfortunately, the Abbott Marshland has experienced a significant amount of loss and degradation, partially due to the introduction of the invasive Phragmites australis (Phragmites).
For the Mercer County Park Commission (MCPC), Princeton Hydro put together a plan to reduce and control the Phragmites to increase biodiversity, improve water quality, broaden recreational opportunities, and enhance the visitor experience at the park. This stewardship project replaced the Phragmites with native species with a goal to reduce its ability to recolonize the marsh. Once the restoration was completed, these areas gave way to native flora, enhanced tidal function, and incredible viewscapes. Princeton Hydro also conducted a Floristic Quality Assessment to identify invasive areas and an Evaluation of Planned Wetlands to identify key wetland functions/values to be enhanced/restored, as well as performed hydrologic monitoring to understand tidal stage elevations.
Phase 1 of the restoration process included multiple herbicide applications in Spring and Fall to eradicate the Phragmites. We led the permit application process, which included securing a Flood Hazard Area (FHA) General Permit #4, Freshwater Wetlands (FWW) General Permit #16, and Coastal (CZM) General Permit #24. Our field operations crew applied the herbicide Imazapyr using our amphibious Marsh Master vehicle and airboat as well as on foot with a backpack sprayer. Following herbicide treatment, the Marsh Master was be equipped with a steel lawn roller with a welded angle iron to roll over and crush/snap the common reed stalks. The stalks would be rolled in opposite directions to break and mulch the stalks and expose the native seedbank. One year later, we documented a dozen “volunteer” native species growing in the marsh. During the project, Princeton Hydro worked alongside MCPC to keep the public informed and engaged through public meetings and outreach. MCPC launched the “Capture the Change” initiative to help document the visual changes seen in the park as the restoration progresses by sharing photos on social media using #BagthePhrag.
The Manasquan Reservoir is a 770-acre pump-storage impoundment that is owned and operated by the New Jersey Water Supply Authority (NJWSA). The reservoir experienced eutrophication as evidenced by cyanobacteria blooms. Additionally, the non-native hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata) and fanwort (Cabomba caroliniana) have become established throughout the reservoir’s 204-acre littoral zone. Recognizing the potential severity of problems attributable to either reoccurring cyanobacteria blooms or the continued spread of invasive macrophytes, the NJWSA sought to develop a comprehensive management plan to be implemented in a proactive manner to protect and manage the reservoir’s water quality and minimize the recreational impacts attributable to invasive aquatic plants.
As part of this three-year (2018 – 2020) work effort, Princeton Hydro designed and implemented an extensive aquatic plant management plan including a bathymetric survey; design and implementation of a point-intercept based sampling methodology utilizing rake tosses; additional survey of spatial extent of macrophytes with SCUBA divers; and sediment core collection and analysis for monoecious hydrilla tubers. All plant data collected as part of this study was georeferenced in the field and assembled into a geo-referenced database showing the distribution, extent, and change in time of hydrilla and other aquatic plants throughout the three-year monitoring period. Additionally, Princeton Hydro conducted several water quality monitoring events throughout the 2018 growing season.
The project has documented the presence, extent, and abundance of all aquatic plants in the reservoir with particular focus on hydrilla and fanwort. To complete the project, all data was integrated into the functional Manasquan Reservoir Plant and Algae Management Plan, aiming to eradicate or manage certain species of plants to improve the ecological integrity of the reservoir while optimizing raw water quality for consumptive end use. Princeton Hydro continued to monitor water quality within Masaquan Reservoir throughout 2019.
Princeton Hydro worked collaboratively with GreenVest to design the 25-acre Lawrence Brook wetland mitigation site. The site is situated at the confluence of the Lawrence Brook and the Raritan River and is an important urban/estuarine mixing zone providing habitat for wading birds, waterfowl, fish, and invertebrates. Its tidally influenced wetlands were extensively ditched for mosquito control and completely dominated by the invasive Common Reed (Phragmites australis).
This mitigation project provided compensatory mitigation for the former National Lead site redevelopment project. The primary objective was to eliminate Common Reed and replace the site with a more desirable and species-rich plant community. The project also included a wetland creation component. Princeton Hydro prepared the engineering plans in a collaborative effort with GreenVest. The design included clearing and grubbing of invasive species, excavation of accreted sediments within the wetland restoration areas to achieve optimal marsh elevations, placement of excavated material within proposed upload forested areas, re-vegetation of restoration areas with native plant species, and installation of wildlife exclusion systems and fencing to prevent herbivory. Although the plan emphasized the restoration of estuarine wetland, the project also included forested/scrub-shrub freshwater wetlands, maritime upland forest, and riparian buffers.
Princeton Hydro was also retained to manage the invasive species control program for the project site, which targeted the elimination of Common Reed, and allowed a number of desirable tidal wetland species to colonize the site. Subsequent to completion of several treatments, the dead stalks and thatch were removed from the marsh plain to facilitate the establishment of planted material as well as allow for plant species present in the marsh’s seed bank to emerge. The wetland responded extremely well to this restoration project and the site is dominated by a species-rich intertidal plant community that includes several rare species.
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