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The lake, a small impoundment of Peekskill Hollow Creek, serves as a vital recreational resource for the community. Princeton Hydro’s initial study was structured around three core tasks: (1) analysis of long-term water quality data, (2) development of an updated pollutant budget, and (3) formulation of short- and long-term management strategies. The analysis revealed a steady increase in conductivity and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations over the past two decades, indicating rising nutrient loads and a shift toward eutrophic conditions. Elevated TP levels were directly linked to increased algal biomass, particularly harmful cyanobacteria producing microcystin-LR, which exceeded safe swimming thresholds in 2014. The updated pollutant budget identified septic system leachate (55%) and stormwater runoff (22%) as the primary sources of phosphorus entering the lake. Internal loading from sediments and atmospheric deposition also contributed to the nutrient burden. To address these issues, Princeton Hydro proposed a suite of in-lake management interventions focused on the lake’s three public beaches. Recommendations included installing electric water pumps to improve circulation at Carrara’s Beach and ozone/aeration systems at Singer’s and North Beaches to reduce organic buildup and mitigate algal blooms. These nature-based, non-chemical solutions were designed to provide immediate relief while longer-term watershed improvements, such as septic upgrades and stormwater controls, are pursued. The plan emphasized the need for community engagement, regulatory coordination, and sustainable implementation to restore and protect Lake Peekskill’s ecological health and recreational value. Building on this foundational work, Princeton Hydro was re-engaged in 2022 by the Lake Peekskill Civic Association (LPCA) and the Town of Putnam Valley to provide additional lake management services. The team developed a comprehensive Lake Management Plan aimed at identifying and prioritizing cost-effective green infrastructure and stormwater Best Management Practices (BMPs) for implementation by the Town. The goal was to reduce nutrient loading, improve water quality, mitigate nuisance aquatic vegetation, prevent harmful algal blooms (HABs), and enhance overall stormwater management within the watershed. This phase of work included a detailed analysis of historical water quality data, a submerged aquatic macrophyte survey, and a field-based water quality assessment. Princeton Hydro also conducted a pollutant removal analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of specific watershed-based management techniques. The resulting plan provided a clear roadmap for reducing annual pollutant loads and minimizing the occurrence and severity of HABs through targeted, science-based interventions. The recommendations were designed to be actionable, scalable, and aligned with the Town’s capacity and resources, reinforcing the long-term commitment to restoring and maintaining the health of Lake Peekskill. [post_title] => Lake Peekskill Watershed Management Planning [post_excerpt] => [post_status] => publish [comment_status] => closed [ping_status] => closed [post_password] => [post_name] => lake-peekskill-watershed-management-planning [to_ping] => [pinged] => [post_modified] => 2026-03-06 13:38:57 [post_modified_gmt] => 2026-03-06 13:38:57 [post_content_filtered] => [post_parent] => 0 [guid] => https://princetonhydro.com/?post_type=project&p=19291 [menu_order] => 0 [post_type] => project [post_mime_type] => [comment_count] => 0 [filter] => raw ) [1] => WP_Post Object ( [ID] => 19281 [post_author] => 1 [post_date] => 2026-03-05 19:57:58 [post_date_gmt] => 2026-03-05 19:57:58 [post_content] => The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, New York District (USACE), in partnership with the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP), conducted a comprehensive study to identify ecosystem restoration and flood-damage-reduction solutions for the Millstone River Basin in New Jersey. Project stakeholders included the U.S. Geological Survey, the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Mercer and Middlesex Counties, Princeton University, and the Stony Brook–Millstone Watershed Association. During the study, Carnegie Lake, a freshwater impoundment of the Millstone River located in Mercer and Middlesex Counties, was identified as a significant natural resource within the watershed. As the project’s lead agency, USACE contracted Princeton Hydro to develop a detailed lake and watershed restoration plan for Carnegie Lake. The Carnegie Lake and Watershed Restoration Plan focused on three primary objectives. First, it involved collecting a wide range of site‑specific in‑lake and watershed data. Second, it quantified the hydrologic and non‑point‑source pollutant budgets for the lake, including total suspended solids and the nutrients nitrogen and phosphorus. Third, it used the findings from the first two objectives to develop a comprehensive lake and watershed restoration plan. The first objective was completed in 2003, during which extensive data were collected throughout the growing season. A major component of this effort was a detailed bathymetric survey that measured water depths and the volume of unconsolidated sediments. Additional tasks included collecting physical, chemical, and biological in‑lake data; conducting macrophyte and fisheries surveys; and collecting and analyzing baseline and stormwater samples. Hydrologic and pollutant budgets for Carnegie Lake and its watershed were then developed using standardized and widely accepted models calibrated with the collected baseline and stormwater data. These budgets informed water‑quality models used to predict in‑lake conditions under various climatic and pollutant‑loading scenarios. All water‑quality and watershed data, along with model results, were used to evaluate and prioritize feasible, cost‑effective in‑lake and watershed management techniques aimed at improving water quality and reducing pollutant loads. The project was finalized in March 2005. [gallery link="none" ids="19279,19277,19276"] [post_title] => Carnegie Lake Phase I Lake and Watershed Restoration Plan [post_excerpt] => [post_status] => publish [comment_status] => closed [ping_status] => closed [post_password] => [post_name] => carnegie-lake-phase-i-lake-and-watershed-restoration-plan [to_ping] => [pinged] => [post_modified] => 2026-03-05 20:21:18 [post_modified_gmt] => 2026-03-05 20:21:18 [post_content_filtered] => [post_parent] => 0 [guid] => https://princetonhydro.com/?post_type=project&p=19281 [menu_order] => 0 [post_type] => project [post_mime_type] => [comment_count] => 0 [filter] => raw ) [2] => WP_Post Object ( [ID] => 19075 [post_author] => 1 [post_date] => 2026-01-25 03:46:18 [post_date_gmt] => 2026-01-25 03:46:18 [post_content] => In 2007, the NJ Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP) approved Union Township as the Lead Planning Agency for the creation of the Sidney Brook Watershed Protection Plan (WPP), with Princeton Hydro as the subcontractor. The project partners include: Union and Franklin Townships, Hunterdon County, New Jersey Water Supply Authority (NJWSA), and NJDEP. The project was funded under the Clean Water Act 319(h) program. WWPs are critical planning documents that outline the management of watersheds to comply with water quality standards and use designation, as well as protect resources and mitigate impairments. Sidney Brook is a Trout Maintenance Category One (C1) stream, which flows into the South Branch of the Raritan River. The 10 square mile watershed has a variety of rural and urban land uses which have contributed to degradation in stream function. Portions of this watershed lie within the Highlands Preservation area and Highlands Planning area, which affects future development. WPPs consist of two main components: an assessment of the watershed and a series of management actions. The assessment included a review of relevant GIS data, regulations, an exhaustive water quality study, fishery and other biological surveys, and pollutant and hydrology modeling. These were used to ascertain the function of the watershed. The impairments identified through the WPP process were recommended to be addressed through a series of management actions and BMPs. These actions are discussed in general terms and also through the inclusion of 40 specific project sites and project concepts forwarded by both Princeton Hydro and NJWSA. Additional implementation guidance was also provided to ensure the WPP is fully implemented. While the watershed earned its C1 status, there were also documented impairments in function, including thermal impacts, excessive nutrient loading, and erosion/ sedimentation. Implementation of the recommended projects was initiated by NJWSA with a demonstration project completed in 2012. Princeton Hydro has worked with Union Township to work to secure additional 319(h) grants to implement the installation of 15 discrete BMPs at four project sites. The WPP was key in seeking this funding. This WPP was formally approved in 2012 and at the time, was one of just 18 approved plans statewide. [post_title] => Sidney Brook Watershed Protection Plan [post_excerpt] => [post_status] => publish [comment_status] => closed [ping_status] => closed [post_password] => [post_name] => sidney-brook-watershed-protection-plan [to_ping] => [pinged] => [post_modified] => 2026-01-13 00:00:57 [post_modified_gmt] => 2026-01-13 00:00:57 [post_content_filtered] => [post_parent] => 0 [guid] => https://princetonhydro.com/?post_type=project&p=19075 [menu_order] => 0 [post_type] => project [post_mime_type] => [comment_count] => 0 [filter] => raw ) [3] => WP_Post Object ( [ID] => 18806 [post_author] => 1 [post_date] => 2025-12-08 21:45:24 [post_date_gmt] => 2025-12-08 21:45:24 [post_content] => The Mountain Lake Community Association and Watershed Advisory Group is the oldest and largest nonprofit organization in Warren County, New Jersey. Increasing concerns regarding water quality conditions of Mountain Lake prompted the Liberty Township Committee to establish a Lake Study Group which was tasked to develop a long-term monitoring plan, analyze and synthesize data, and provide comprehensive lake and watershed management planning. [gallery columns="2" link="none" size="medium" ids="18811,18807"] For this project, Princeton Hydro conducted a thorough review of the background data, logistical and equipment capabilities of the group, and developed a monitoring implementation plan for the 2021 growing season. Following plan development, Princeton Hydro aquatic ecologists conducted a field-based volunteer training session which taught the volunteers how to collect in-situ, laboratory, and plankton data in addition to general field observations. Data handling, quality control, and analysis techniques were also reviewed with the group. This data is currently being used by the group to provide the scientific data necessary to diagnose potential lake problems and as an objective benchmark for the recommendation of management solutions. [gallery link="none" size="medium" ids="18812,18808,18809"] [post_title] => Volunteer Water Quality Monitoring Training with the Mountain Lake Community Association [post_excerpt] => [post_status] => publish [comment_status] => closed [ping_status] => closed [post_password] => [post_name] => volunteer-water-quality-monitoring-training-with-the-mountain-lake-community-association [to_ping] => [pinged] => [post_modified] => 2025-12-08 21:45:24 [post_modified_gmt] => 2025-12-08 21:45:24 [post_content_filtered] => [post_parent] => 0 [guid] => https://princetonhydro.com/?post_type=project&p=18806 [menu_order] => 0 [post_type] => project [post_mime_type] => [comment_count] => 0 [filter] => raw ) [4] => WP_Post Object ( [ID] => 18594 [post_author] => 1 [post_date] => 2025-10-11 14:00:49 [post_date_gmt] => 2025-10-11 14:00:49 [post_content] => Moorestown Township, located in Southern New Jersey, has about 22 miles of streams and 106 acres of lakes and ponds within its borders, including Strawbridge Lake. There are portions of three watersheds for Strawbridge Lake in the Township: the Rancocas Creek, the Pennsauken Creek, and Pompeston Creek/Swede Run. These are subdivided into eight subwatersheds located within Moorestown. In 2010, all eight of these subwatersheds were impaired for one or more designated uses. The most common cause of impairment was phosphorus. As a result, in 2017, Princeton Hydro authored the Strawbridge Lake Watershed and Restoration Plan, a USEPA 9-Element Plan for the management and restoration of the lake and its watershed. Since 2017, our team has implemented several nonpoint source targeted stormwater management projects in the watershed for the Township. Specifically, the Township has restored and upgraded a passive stormwater basin at the site of Strawbridge Lake Park. The basin was upgraded to be passive, vegetated stormwater conveyance and treatment BMPs that filter and attenuate stormwater runoff from adjacent areas. This project was identified in the Strawbridge Lake Watershed and Restoration Plan. Additionally, the Children’s Pond forebay area of Strawbridge Lake was also recently dredged and restored. This dredging was also identified in the Strawbridge Lake Watershed and Restoration Plan. [gallery link="none" size="medium" ids="834,890,894"] These projects act as an excellent example of green infrastructure within the community and provide both public access and education opportunities explaining the overall lake and stormwater quality. These projects have also included a major education and outreach element. Through education and outreach efforts, the Township has promoted on-lot green infrastructure techniques, including such techniques as: rainwater harvesting, bioretention systems, porous pavement, and other easy-to-implement, grassroots best management practices and low impact development techniques that the surrounding community can use. [post_title] => Strawbridge Lake US EPA 8-Element Watershed Plan & Restoration Implementation [post_excerpt] => [post_status] => publish [comment_status] => closed [ping_status] => closed [post_password] => [post_name] => strawbridge-lake-us-epa-8-element-watershed-plan-restoration-implementation [to_ping] => [pinged] => [post_modified] => 2025-11-05 14:51:42 [post_modified_gmt] => 2025-11-05 14:51:42 [post_content_filtered] => [post_parent] => 0 [guid] => https://princetonhydro.com/?post_type=project&p=18594 [menu_order] => 0 [post_type] => project [post_mime_type] => [comment_count] => 0 [filter] => raw ) [5] => WP_Post Object ( [ID] => 18818 [post_author] => 1 [post_date] => 2025-09-08 21:18:34 [post_date_gmt] => 2025-09-08 21:18:34 [post_content] => The Arrowhead Lake Community Association, Inc. (ALCA), located in Pocono Lake, Pennsylvania, recognized that the twin corrugated metal culverts passing over Trout Creek were failing. Owassa Drive crosses the culverts and is a primary access for many of the Arrowhead Lake homeowners. The drainage area to the crossing is nine square miles. Just upstream of the crossing, a dam impounding Brady’s Lake was breached due to the deterioration of the dam. The loss of the Brady’s Lake dam exacerbated the culverts’ deterioration. Another contributing factor to the metal pipe deterioration was the natural low pH (acidic) of the soil and water and the original inadequate backfill technique and materials. Princeton Hydro analyzed the watershed and determined the hydraulic conditions of the existing culvert as well as a host of replacement options. The ALCA selected a Con-Span culvert with natural bottom due to the capacity, environmental benefits, cost and aesthetics. A geotechnical investigation yielded data on the existing backfill and helped determine that replacement of this material was justified. Field survey was conducted to design the culvert replacement supplemented by an aerial survey of the community. Princeton Hydro permitted the project and construction was completed in June of 2005. Princeton Hydro provided construction administration and oversight during the completion of the culvert replacement. [gallery link="none" ids="18821,18820,18819"] [post_title] => Owassa Drive Culvert Replacement [post_excerpt] => [post_status] => publish [comment_status] => closed [ping_status] => closed [post_password] => [post_name] => owassa-drive-culvert-replacement [to_ping] => [pinged] => [post_modified] => 2025-12-08 21:44:03 [post_modified_gmt] => 2025-12-08 21:44:03 [post_content_filtered] => [post_parent] => 0 [guid] => https://princetonhydro.com/?post_type=project&p=18818 [menu_order] => 0 [post_type] => project [post_mime_type] => [comment_count] => 0 [filter] => raw ) [6] => WP_Post Object ( [ID] => 17721 [post_author] => 1 [post_date] => 2025-07-01 15:26:32 [post_date_gmt] => 2025-07-01 15:26:32 [post_content] => Lake Holiday is a 249-acre impoundment that acts as the aesthetic center point and primary ecological feature for the Lake Holiday Country Club (LHCC) in Cross Junction, Virginia. The lake is used for boating, swimming, and fishing for the surrounding community. In 2016, the lake experienced a cyanobacteria-driven harmful algal bloom (HAB) which impacted contact recreation in the lake, as well as aesthetic value. In 2017, the LHCC engaged Princeton Hydro to understand the driving mechanisms behind the bloom and to recommend preventative management techniques to reduce the chances of future bloom formation. The first step in this process was water quality testing of the lake inclusive of in-situ, discrete laboratory, and plankton analyses. This study also included stormwater monitoring of the incoming tributaries throughout the lake. Following this study, Princeton Hydro modeled the watershed-based load of nutrients and hydrology in addition to evaluating the internal phosphorus load. The results of this effort showed the watershed load of phosphorus was the largest driver of algal growth. Following this effort, Princeton Hydro provided design of two emergent wetland best management practices (BMPs) at the mouths of Isaacs Creek and Yeiders Run through 30% completion. [gallery link="none" columns="2" size="medium" ids="17717,17718"] In addition to the projects mentioned above, Princeton Hydro has developed a HAB monitoring, response, and management plan for the community. This plan provides specific volunteer-based monitoring that should be conducted to detect a bloom and includes subsequent information for community notification, follow-up testing, and management. Throughout these endeavors, the LHCC has hired Princeton Hydro to monitor the lakes’ water quality to track its ecological condition over time and document improvements as management measures are implemented. [post_title] => Lake Holiday: Lake & Watershed Management [post_excerpt] => [post_status] => publish [comment_status] => closed [ping_status] => closed [post_password] => [post_name] => lake-holiday-lake-watershed-management [to_ping] => [pinged] => [post_modified] => 2025-07-01 15:26:32 [post_modified_gmt] => 2025-07-01 15:26:32 [post_content_filtered] => [post_parent] => 0 [guid] => https://princetonhydro.com/?post_type=project&p=17721 [menu_order] => 0 [post_type] => project [post_mime_type] => [comment_count] => 0 [filter] => raw ) [7] => WP_Post Object ( [ID] => 17715 [post_author] => 1 [post_date] => 2025-07-01 14:59:08 [post_date_gmt] => 2025-07-01 14:59:08 [post_content] => The Cooper River Watershed is a 39.5 square mile tributary to the Delaware River within the Delaware River Basin. It is characterized by extensive residential and commercial development and a number of highly degraded waterbodies. Near the mouth of the Cooper River, a tidal dam forms Cooper River Lake (CRL). This 192-acre public lake has a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) for total phosphorus (TP) and a variety of other nonpoint source pollutants. Immediately upstream of CRL are Wallworth Lake and Evans Pond which suffer the same impairments as CRL. CRL is the centerpiece of Camden County’s 347-acre Cooper River Park; Evans Pond and Wallworth Lake are within Camden County’s Wallworth Park (56 acres). These waterbodies are part of Camden County’s greenway and provide recreational opportunities to the overburdened communities (OBCs) that surround them. These waterbodies also provide significant water quality services to the watershed, such as regional stormwater attenuation and sediment trapping. Unfortunately, the highly degraded condition of this watershed is well documented. Further, in 2020 a harmful algal bloom (HAB) was confirmed by NJDEP within Hopkins Pond, a waterbody upstream of CRL, with toxin levels posing a high risk of adverse health effects. Camden County Soil Conservation District (CCSCD) was awarded funding through NJDEP’s Lake Restoration Grant program to develop a USEPA 9-Element Plus 1 Watershed Implementation Plan (9E+1 WIP) for the CRL watershed, including Evans Pond, Wallworth Lake, and Hopkins Pond. The goal of the WIP is to develop a strategy to cost effectively identify and address the potential watershed impacts through in-lake and watershed-based management activities, with designs to address impacts driven by climate change. Through stakeholder engagement and the review of historical data, the project team is determining sources of pollutant loading in the watershed. The team will utilize the results, and the data collected during the water quality monitoring and watershed assessment to characterize and prioritize areas that and locations that would be optimal for best management practices and green infrastructure. Ultimately, the project team will develop a comprehensive Cooper River Lake Watershed Implementation Plan. Princeton Hydro is in the process of completing a 1-year detailed sampling and surveying exercise of the CRL watershed for the purpose of collecting the data needed to assess the lake and streams within and design the lake/stream protection and watershed management plan. In addition to the above mentioned tasks, Princeton Hydro also conducted bathymetric assessments of CRL, Evans Pond, and Wallworth Lake. [post_title] => Watershed Implementation Plan for Cooper River Lake [post_excerpt] => [post_status] => publish [comment_status] => closed [ping_status] => closed [post_password] => [post_name] => watershed-implementation-plan-for-cooper-river-lake [to_ping] => [pinged] => [post_modified] => 2025-07-01 14:59:08 [post_modified_gmt] => 2025-07-01 14:59:08 [post_content_filtered] => [post_parent] => 0 [guid] => https://princetonhydro.com/?post_type=project&p=17715 [menu_order] => 0 [post_type] => project [post_mime_type] => [comment_count] => 0 [filter] => raw ) [8] => WP_Post Object ( [ID] => 14440 [post_author] => 1 [post_date] => 2024-01-17 16:52:52 [post_date_gmt] => 2024-01-17 16:52:52 [post_content] => The Turkey Foot project is approximately 7.5 acres within the greater 1,200-acre John Heinz National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) at Tinicum. The NWR is located within the City of Philadelphia and neighboring Tinicum Township in Philadelphia and Delaware Counties. The refuge protects approximately 200 acres of the last remaining freshwater tidal marsh in Pennsylvania and represents an important migratory stopover along the Atlantic Flyway. It also provides protected breeding habitat for State-listed threatened and endangered species, as well as many neotropical migrants, such as the American Bittern (Botaurus lentiginosus), Least Bittern (Ixobrychus exilis), Black-crowned Night-heron (Nycticorax nycticorax), King Rail (Rallus elegans), Great Egret (Ardea alba), Yellow-crowned Night-heron (Nyctanassa violacea), and Sedge Wren (Cistothorus stellaris). [gallery link="none" ids="11773,11775,11770"] The Turkey Foot project area is an example of one of the historically impacted ecosystems at the Refuge and lends itself to ecological restoration. The approach for this restoration project focused on the creation of approximately four acres of contiguous wetland habitat bordered by a functional riparian buffer. The proposed design produced by Princeton Hydro resulted in the creation of three habitat zones: 1) intertidal marsh, 2) high marsh, and 3) upland grassland. The integration of high marsh into the proposed design satisfies the refuge’s request to establish foraging, breeding, and nesting habitat for black rail (Laterallus jamaicensis), a proposed threatened species under the Endangered Species Act of 1973. Our approach also included a robust invasive species management plan and adaptive management monitoring program that guided the development of the restored site towards the ultimate goal of establishing a diverse and productive coastal ecosystem within the Turkey Foot project area. [gallery columns="2" link="none" size="medium" ids="14437,14436"] Princeton Hydro conducted wetland delineation, biological benchmarks, and reporting, including a Wetland Delineation Report prepared in compliance with the USACE Nationwide Permit #27 requirements. Additionally, Princeton Hydro’s role included developing engineering plans for the restoration and enhancement of the Turkey Foot project area, mapping topographic and bathymetric existing conditions, assisting with permitting and regulatory approvals, and overseeing construction implementation. Click here to learn more. [post_title] => Turkey Foot Restoration at John Heinz National Wildlife Refuge [post_excerpt] => [post_status] => publish [comment_status] => closed [ping_status] => closed [post_password] => [post_name] => turkey-foot-restoration-at-john-heinz-national-wildlife-refuge [to_ping] => [pinged] => [post_modified] => 2024-01-31 16:53:09 [post_modified_gmt] => 2024-01-31 16:53:09 [post_content_filtered] => [post_parent] => 0 [guid] => https://princetonhydro.com/?post_type=project&p=14440 [menu_order] => 0 [post_type] => project [post_mime_type] => [comment_count] => 0 [filter] => raw ) [9] => WP_Post Object ( [ID] => 14441 [post_author] => 1 [post_date] => 2024-01-17 08:57:50 [post_date_gmt] => 2024-01-17 08:57:50 [post_content] => Princeton Hydro was contracted by the Westchester Parks Foundation to produce a Restoration and Management Plan for Tibbetts Pond, located in Tibbetts Brook Park, Westchester County, NY. The pond consists of a larger lower basin and a small upper basin covering an area of approximately 14 acres, connected by a small stream. One of the first parks created in Westchester County, these waterbodies and the park proper are managed for recreational uses, such as fishing and hiking. As with many waterbodies in the Lower Hudson River Drainage, the Lower Tibbetts Pond has experienced an infestation of the invasive floating plant water chestnut (Trapa natans) in recent years. This plant was observed to cover about 85% of the water surface at the peak of the growing season in 2020. Due to the impacts such severe infestations have on water quality, ecological health, visual aesthetics, and even human health, the Westchester Parks Foundation (WPF) expressed a desire to develop an updated approach to managing Tibbetts Pond prior to the planned complete elimination of the invasive plant via dredging. It was recognized that such management should be conducted in a scientific, pro-active manner and be based on the collection and assessment of consistent water quality and biological data. The plan consists of five main sections including historical data review, bathymetric survey, water quality assessment, hydrologic & pollutant loading analysis and an EPA nine-point based management plan. [gallery columns="2" link="none" size="medium" ids="14444,14445"] The Restoration and Management Plan details the results of Princeton Hydro’s assessments of Tibbetts Pond and its watershed as they relate to impacts on the waterbodies’ water quality, ecological condition, and current uses. Using this data, both watershed based and in-lake impairments to Tibbetts Pond’s uses are identified, and recommendations for managing these impairments are provided. [post_title] => Tibbetts Pond Restoration and Management Plan [post_excerpt] => [post_status] => publish [comment_status] => closed [ping_status] => closed [post_password] => [post_name] => tibbetts-pond-restoration-and-management-plan [to_ping] => [pinged] => [post_modified] => 2024-01-31 17:20:27 [post_modified_gmt] => 2024-01-31 17:20:27 [post_content_filtered] => [post_parent] => 0 [guid] => https://princetonhydro.com/?post_type=project&p=14441 [menu_order] => 0 [post_type] => project [post_mime_type] => [comment_count] => 0 [filter] => raw ) ) [post_count] => 10 [current_post] => -1 [before_loop] => 1 [in_the_loop] => [post] => WP_Post Object ( [ID] => 19291 [post_author] => 1 [post_date] => 2026-03-06 13:38:57 [post_date_gmt] => 2026-03-06 13:38:57 [post_content] => In response to recurring water quality issues, including a significant cyanobacterial bloom in 2014 that led to prolonged beach closures, the Town of Putnam Valley engaged Princeton Hydro to revise and update the Lake Peekskill Watershed Management Plan. The lake, a small impoundment of Peekskill Hollow Creek, serves as a vital recreational resource for the community. Princeton Hydro’s initial study was structured around three core tasks: (1) analysis of long-term water quality data, (2) development of an updated pollutant budget, and (3) formulation of short- and long-term management strategies. The analysis revealed a steady increase in conductivity and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations over the past two decades, indicating rising nutrient loads and a shift toward eutrophic conditions. Elevated TP levels were directly linked to increased algal biomass, particularly harmful cyanobacteria producing microcystin-LR, which exceeded safe swimming thresholds in 2014. The updated pollutant budget identified septic system leachate (55%) and stormwater runoff (22%) as the primary sources of phosphorus entering the lake. Internal loading from sediments and atmospheric deposition also contributed to the nutrient burden. To address these issues, Princeton Hydro proposed a suite of in-lake management interventions focused on the lake’s three public beaches. Recommendations included installing electric water pumps to improve circulation at Carrara’s Beach and ozone/aeration systems at Singer’s and North Beaches to reduce organic buildup and mitigate algal blooms. These nature-based, non-chemical solutions were designed to provide immediate relief while longer-term watershed improvements, such as septic upgrades and stormwater controls, are pursued. The plan emphasized the need for community engagement, regulatory coordination, and sustainable implementation to restore and protect Lake Peekskill’s ecological health and recreational value. Building on this foundational work, Princeton Hydro was re-engaged in 2022 by the Lake Peekskill Civic Association (LPCA) and the Town of Putnam Valley to provide additional lake management services. The team developed a comprehensive Lake Management Plan aimed at identifying and prioritizing cost-effective green infrastructure and stormwater Best Management Practices (BMPs) for implementation by the Town. The goal was to reduce nutrient loading, improve water quality, mitigate nuisance aquatic vegetation, prevent harmful algal blooms (HABs), and enhance overall stormwater management within the watershed. This phase of work included a detailed analysis of historical water quality data, a submerged aquatic macrophyte survey, and a field-based water quality assessment. Princeton Hydro also conducted a pollutant removal analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of specific watershed-based management techniques. The resulting plan provided a clear roadmap for reducing annual pollutant loads and minimizing the occurrence and severity of HABs through targeted, science-based interventions. The recommendations were designed to be actionable, scalable, and aligned with the Town’s capacity and resources, reinforcing the long-term commitment to restoring and maintaining the health of Lake Peekskill. 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In response to recurring water quality issues, including a significant cyanobacterial bloom in 2014 that led to prolonged beach closures, the Town of Putnam Valley engaged Princeton Hydro to revise and update the Lake Peekskill Watershed Management Plan. The lake, a small impoundment of Peekskill Hollow Creek, serves as a vital recreational resource for the community. Princeton Hydro’s initial study was structured around three core tasks: (1) analysis of long-term water quality data, (2) development of an updated pollutant budget, and (3) formulation of short- and long-term management strategies.
The analysis revealed a steady increase in conductivity and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations over the past two decades, indicating rising nutrient loads and a shift toward eutrophic conditions. Elevated TP levels were directly linked to increased algal biomass, particularly harmful cyanobacteria producing microcystin-LR, which exceeded safe swimming thresholds in 2014. The updated pollutant budget identified septic system leachate (55%) and stormwater runoff (22%) as the primary sources of phosphorus entering the lake. Internal loading from sediments and atmospheric deposition also contributed to the nutrient burden.
To address these issues, Princeton Hydro proposed a suite of in-lake management interventions focused on the lake’s three public beaches. Recommendations included installing electric water pumps to improve circulation at Carrara’s Beach and ozone/aeration systems at Singer’s and North Beaches to reduce organic buildup and mitigate algal blooms. These nature-based, non-chemical solutions were designed to provide immediate relief while longer-term watershed improvements, such as septic upgrades and stormwater controls, are pursued. The plan emphasized the need for community engagement, regulatory coordination, and sustainable implementation to restore and protect Lake Peekskill’s ecological health and recreational value.
Building on this foundational work, Princeton Hydro was re-engaged in 2022 by the Lake Peekskill Civic Association (LPCA) and the Town of Putnam Valley to provide additional lake management services. The team developed a comprehensive Lake Management Plan aimed at identifying and prioritizing cost-effective green infrastructure and stormwater Best Management Practices (BMPs) for implementation by the Town. The goal was to reduce nutrient loading, improve water quality, mitigate nuisance aquatic vegetation, prevent harmful algal blooms (HABs), and enhance overall stormwater management within the watershed.
This phase of work included a detailed analysis of historical water quality data, a submerged aquatic macrophyte survey, and a field-based water quality assessment. Princeton Hydro also conducted a pollutant removal analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of specific watershed-based management techniques. The resulting plan provided a clear roadmap for reducing annual pollutant loads and minimizing the occurrence and severity of HABs through targeted, science-based interventions. The recommendations were designed to be actionable, scalable, and aligned with the Town’s capacity and resources, reinforcing the long-term commitment to restoring and maintaining the health of Lake Peekskill.
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, New York District (USACE), in partnership with the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP), conducted a comprehensive study to identify ecosystem restoration and flood-damage-reduction solutions for the Millstone River Basin in New Jersey. Project stakeholders included the U.S. Geological Survey, the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Mercer and Middlesex Counties, Princeton University, and the Stony Brook–Millstone Watershed Association.
During the study, Carnegie Lake, a freshwater impoundment of the Millstone River located in Mercer and Middlesex Counties, was identified as a significant natural resource within the watershed. As the project’s lead agency, USACE contracted Princeton Hydro to develop a detailed lake and watershed restoration plan for Carnegie Lake.
The Carnegie Lake and Watershed Restoration Plan focused on three primary objectives. First, it involved collecting a wide range of site‑specific in‑lake and watershed data. Second, it quantified the hydrologic and non‑point‑source pollutant budgets for the lake, including total suspended solids and the nutrients nitrogen and phosphorus. Third, it used the findings from the first two objectives to develop a comprehensive lake and watershed restoration plan.
The first objective was completed in 2003, during which extensive data were collected throughout the growing season. A major component of this effort was a detailed bathymetric survey that measured water depths and the volume of unconsolidated sediments. Additional tasks included collecting physical, chemical, and biological in‑lake data; conducting macrophyte and fisheries surveys; and collecting and analyzing baseline and stormwater samples.
Hydrologic and pollutant budgets for Carnegie Lake and its watershed were then developed using standardized and widely accepted models calibrated with the collected baseline and stormwater data. These budgets informed water‑quality models used to predict in‑lake conditions under various climatic and pollutant‑loading scenarios. All water‑quality and watershed data, along with model results, were used to evaluate and prioritize feasible, cost‑effective in‑lake and watershed management techniques aimed at improving water quality and reducing pollutant loads.
The project was finalized in March 2005.
In 2007, the NJ Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP) approved Union Township as the Lead Planning Agency for the creation of the Sidney Brook Watershed Protection Plan (WPP), with Princeton Hydro as the subcontractor. The project partners include: Union and Franklin Townships, Hunterdon County, New Jersey Water Supply Authority (NJWSA), and NJDEP. The project was funded under the Clean Water Act 319(h) program. WWPs are critical planning documents that outline the management of watersheds to comply with water quality standards and use designation, as well as protect resources and mitigate impairments.
Sidney Brook is a Trout Maintenance Category One (C1) stream, which flows into the South Branch of the Raritan River. The 10 square mile watershed has a variety of rural and urban land uses which have contributed to degradation in stream function. Portions of this watershed lie within the Highlands Preservation area and Highlands Planning area, which affects future development. WPPs consist of two main components: an assessment of the watershed and a series of management actions. The assessment included a review of relevant GIS data, regulations, an exhaustive water quality study, fishery and other biological surveys, and pollutant and hydrology modeling. These were used to ascertain the function of the watershed.
The impairments identified through the WPP process were recommended to be addressed through a series of management actions and BMPs. These actions are discussed in general terms and also through the inclusion of 40 specific project sites and project concepts forwarded by both Princeton Hydro and NJWSA. Additional implementation guidance was also provided to ensure the WPP is fully implemented.
While the watershed earned its C1 status, there were also documented impairments in function, including thermal impacts, excessive nutrient loading, and erosion/ sedimentation. Implementation of the recommended projects was initiated by NJWSA with a demonstration project completed in 2012. Princeton Hydro has worked with Union Township to work to secure additional 319(h) grants to implement the installation of 15 discrete BMPs at four project sites. The WPP was key in seeking this funding. This WPP was formally approved in 2012 and at the time, was one of just 18 approved plans statewide.
The Mountain Lake Community Association and Watershed Advisory Group is the oldest and largest nonprofit organization in Warren County, New Jersey. Increasing concerns regarding water quality conditions of Mountain Lake prompted the Liberty Township Committee to establish a Lake Study Group which was tasked to develop a long-term monitoring plan, analyze and synthesize data, and provide comprehensive lake and watershed management planning.
For this project, Princeton Hydro conducted a thorough review of the background data, logistical and equipment capabilities of the group, and developed a monitoring implementation plan for the 2021 growing season.
Following plan development, Princeton Hydro aquatic ecologists conducted a field-based volunteer training session which taught the volunteers how to collect in-situ, laboratory, and plankton data in addition to general field observations. Data handling, quality control, and analysis techniques were also reviewed with the group. This data is currently being used by the group to provide the scientific data necessary to diagnose potential lake problems and as an objective benchmark for the recommendation of management solutions.
Moorestown Township, located in Southern New Jersey, has about 22 miles of streams and 106 acres of lakes and ponds within its borders, including Strawbridge Lake. There are portions of three watersheds for Strawbridge Lake in the Township: the Rancocas Creek, the Pennsauken Creek, and Pompeston Creek/Swede Run. These are subdivided into eight subwatersheds located within Moorestown. In 2010, all eight of these subwatersheds were impaired for one or more designated uses. The most common cause of impairment was phosphorus. As a result, in 2017, Princeton Hydro authored the Strawbridge Lake Watershed and Restoration Plan, a USEPA 9-Element Plan for the management and restoration of the lake and its watershed.
Since 2017, our team has implemented several nonpoint source targeted stormwater management projects in the watershed for the Township. Specifically, the Township has restored and upgraded a passive stormwater basin at the site of Strawbridge Lake Park. The basin was upgraded to be passive, vegetated stormwater conveyance and treatment BMPs that filter and attenuate stormwater runoff from adjacent areas. This project was identified in the Strawbridge Lake Watershed and Restoration Plan.
Additionally, the Children’s Pond forebay area of Strawbridge Lake was also recently dredged and restored. This dredging was also identified in the Strawbridge Lake Watershed and Restoration Plan.
These projects act as an excellent example of green infrastructure within the community and provide both public access and education opportunities explaining the overall lake and stormwater quality. These projects have also included a major education and outreach element. Through education and outreach efforts, the Township has promoted on-lot green infrastructure techniques, including such techniques as: rainwater harvesting, bioretention systems, porous pavement, and other easy-to-implement, grassroots best management practices and low impact development techniques that the surrounding community can use.
The Arrowhead Lake Community Association, Inc. (ALCA), located in Pocono Lake, Pennsylvania, recognized that the twin corrugated metal culverts passing over Trout Creek were failing. Owassa Drive crosses the culverts and is a primary access for many of the Arrowhead Lake homeowners.
The drainage area to the crossing is nine square miles. Just upstream of the crossing, a dam impounding Brady’s Lake was breached due to the deterioration of the dam. The loss of the Brady’s Lake dam exacerbated the culverts’ deterioration. Another contributing factor to the metal pipe deterioration was the natural low pH (acidic) of the soil and water and the original inadequate backfill technique and materials.
Princeton Hydro analyzed the watershed and determined the hydraulic conditions of the existing culvert as well as a host of replacement options. The ALCA selected a Con-Span culvert with natural bottom due to the capacity, environmental benefits, cost and aesthetics. A geotechnical investigation yielded data on the existing backfill and helped determine that replacement of this material was justified. Field survey was conducted to design the culvert replacement supplemented by an aerial survey of the community. Princeton Hydro permitted the project and construction was completed in June of 2005. Princeton Hydro provided construction administration and oversight during the completion of the culvert replacement.
Lake Holiday is a 249-acre impoundment that acts as the aesthetic center point and primary ecological feature for the Lake Holiday Country Club (LHCC) in Cross Junction, Virginia. The lake is used for boating, swimming, and fishing for the surrounding community.
In 2016, the lake experienced a cyanobacteria-driven harmful algal bloom (HAB) which impacted contact recreation in the lake, as well as aesthetic value. In 2017, the LHCC engaged Princeton Hydro to understand the driving mechanisms behind the bloom and to recommend preventative management techniques to reduce the chances of future bloom formation. The first step in this process was water quality testing of the lake inclusive of in-situ, discrete laboratory, and plankton analyses. This study also included stormwater monitoring of the incoming tributaries throughout the lake. Following this study, Princeton Hydro modeled the watershed-based load of nutrients and hydrology in addition to evaluating the internal phosphorus load. The results of this effort showed the watershed load of phosphorus was the largest driver of algal growth. Following this effort, Princeton Hydro provided design of two emergent wetland best management practices (BMPs) at the mouths of Isaacs Creek and Yeiders Run through 30% completion.
In addition to the projects mentioned above, Princeton Hydro has developed a HAB monitoring, response, and management plan for the community. This plan provides specific volunteer-based monitoring that should be conducted to detect a bloom and includes subsequent information for community notification, follow-up testing, and management.
Throughout these endeavors, the LHCC has hired Princeton Hydro to monitor the lakes’ water quality to track its ecological condition over time and document improvements as management measures are implemented.
The Cooper River Watershed is a 39.5 square mile tributary to the Delaware River within the Delaware River Basin. It is characterized by extensive residential and commercial development and a number of highly degraded waterbodies. Near the mouth of the Cooper River, a tidal dam forms Cooper River Lake (CRL). This 192-acre public lake has a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) for total phosphorus (TP) and a variety of other nonpoint source pollutants. Immediately upstream of CRL are Wallworth Lake and Evans Pond which suffer the same impairments as CRL.
CRL is the centerpiece of Camden County’s 347-acre Cooper River Park; Evans Pond and Wallworth Lake are within Camden County’s Wallworth Park (56 acres). These waterbodies are part of Camden County’s greenway and provide recreational opportunities to the overburdened communities (OBCs) that surround them. These waterbodies also provide significant water quality services to the watershed, such as regional stormwater attenuation and sediment trapping. Unfortunately, the highly degraded condition of this watershed is well documented. Further, in 2020 a harmful algal bloom (HAB) was confirmed by NJDEP within Hopkins Pond, a waterbody upstream of CRL, with toxin levels posing a high risk of adverse health effects.
Camden County Soil Conservation District (CCSCD) was awarded funding through NJDEP’s Lake Restoration Grant program to develop a USEPA 9-Element Plus 1 Watershed Implementation Plan (9E+1 WIP) for the CRL watershed, including Evans Pond, Wallworth Lake, and Hopkins Pond. The goal of the WIP is to develop a strategy to cost effectively identify and address the potential watershed impacts through in-lake and watershed-based management activities, with designs to address impacts driven by climate change.
Through stakeholder engagement and the review of historical data, the project team is determining sources of pollutant loading in the watershed. The team will utilize the results, and the data collected during the water quality monitoring and watershed assessment to characterize and prioritize areas that and locations that would be optimal for best management practices and green infrastructure. Ultimately, the project team will develop a comprehensive Cooper River Lake Watershed Implementation Plan. Princeton Hydro is in the process of completing a 1-year detailed sampling and surveying exercise of the CRL watershed for the purpose of collecting the data needed to assess the lake and streams within and design the lake/stream protection and watershed management plan. In addition to the above mentioned tasks, Princeton Hydro also conducted bathymetric assessments of CRL, Evans Pond, and Wallworth Lake.
The Turkey Foot project is approximately 7.5 acres within the greater 1,200-acre John Heinz National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) at Tinicum. The NWR is located within the City of Philadelphia and neighboring Tinicum Township in Philadelphia and Delaware Counties.
The refuge protects approximately 200 acres of the last remaining freshwater tidal marsh in Pennsylvania and represents an important migratory stopover along the Atlantic Flyway. It also provides protected breeding habitat for State-listed threatened and endangered species, as well as many neotropical migrants, such as the American Bittern (Botaurus lentiginosus), Least Bittern (Ixobrychus exilis), Black-crowned Night-heron (Nycticorax nycticorax), King Rail (Rallus elegans), Great Egret (Ardea alba), Yellow-crowned Night-heron (Nyctanassa violacea), and Sedge Wren (Cistothorus stellaris).
The Turkey Foot project area is an example of one of the historically impacted ecosystems at the Refuge and lends itself to ecological restoration. The approach for this restoration project focused on the creation of approximately four acres of contiguous wetland habitat bordered by a functional riparian buffer.
The proposed design produced by Princeton Hydro resulted in the creation of three habitat zones: 1) intertidal marsh, 2) high marsh, and 3) upland grassland. The integration of high marsh into the proposed design satisfies the refuge’s request to establish foraging, breeding, and nesting habitat for black rail (Laterallus jamaicensis), a proposed threatened species under the Endangered Species Act of 1973. Our approach also included a robust invasive species management plan and adaptive management monitoring program that guided the development of the restored site towards the ultimate goal of establishing a diverse and productive coastal ecosystem within the Turkey Foot project area.
Princeton Hydro conducted wetland delineation, biological benchmarks, and reporting, including a Wetland Delineation Report prepared in compliance with the USACE Nationwide Permit #27 requirements. Additionally, Princeton Hydro’s role included developing engineering plans for the restoration and enhancement of the Turkey Foot project area, mapping topographic and bathymetric existing conditions, assisting with permitting and regulatory approvals, and overseeing construction implementation.
Princeton Hydro was contracted by the Westchester Parks Foundation to produce a Restoration and Management Plan for Tibbetts Pond, located in Tibbetts Brook Park, Westchester County, NY. The pond consists of a larger lower basin and a small upper basin covering an area of approximately 14 acres, connected by a small stream. One of the first parks created in Westchester County, these waterbodies and the park proper are managed for recreational uses, such as fishing and hiking.
As with many waterbodies in the Lower Hudson River Drainage, the Lower Tibbetts Pond has experienced an infestation of the invasive floating plant water chestnut (Trapa natans) in recent years. This plant was observed to cover about 85% of the water surface at the peak of the growing season in 2020. Due to the impacts such severe infestations have on water quality, ecological health, visual aesthetics, and even human health, the Westchester Parks Foundation (WPF) expressed a desire to develop an updated approach to managing Tibbetts Pond prior to the planned complete elimination of the invasive plant via dredging. It was recognized that such management should be conducted in a scientific, pro-active manner and be based on the collection and assessment of consistent water quality and biological data. The plan consists of five main sections including historical data review, bathymetric survey, water quality assessment, hydrologic & pollutant loading analysis and an EPA nine-point based management plan.
The Restoration and Management Plan details the results of Princeton Hydro’s assessments of Tibbetts Pond and its watershed as they relate to impacts on the waterbodies’ water quality, ecological condition, and current uses. Using this data, both watershed based and in-lake impairments to Tibbetts Pond’s uses are identified, and recommendations for managing these impairments are provided.
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