We’re committed to improving our ecosystems, quality of life, and communities for the better.
Our passion and commitment to the integration of innovative science and engineering drive us to exceed on behalf of every client.
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Invasive species can quickly establish themselves in habitats ranging from freshwater wetlands and riparian corridors to stormwater basins and tidal marshes, disrupting ecological balance and biodiversity, altering hydrology, and displacing native species.
Addressing these impacts requires a thoughtful, site-specific approach. Our team at Princeton Hydro works to design and implement targeted strategies that promote long-term ecological function. These integrated efforts aid in native habitat recovery, enhance water quality, and support compliance with regulatory frameworks.
Let’s take a closer look at how invasive species disrupt our ecosystems, why managing them is so important, and the cutting-edge tools and innovative techniques helping to eradicate invasives and restore balance to delicate ecosystems.
Invasive species are organisms introduced outside their native range that proliferate in new environments, often to the detriment of local ecosystems and biodiversity. Although some introductions happen naturally, most are caused by human activity—through commercial shipping and transport, travel and outdoor recreation, or sometimes deliberate introduction. Once established, invasive species often outcompete native species by growing more aggressively, reproducing more rapidly, and exploiting resources more efficiently. These advantages are amplified by the absence of natural predators and environmental controls that would normally regulate their populations.
This can lead to a cascade of ecological consequences:
Take common reed (Phragmites australis), for example. This fast-growing plant has overtaken many wetlands, meadows, and shorelines, forming dense stands that outcompete native vegetation. These monocultures reduce food sources that native species rely on and block the movement of wildlife between critical habitats. According to the National Invasive Species Information Center (NISIC), Phragmites was most likely introduced during the 1800s in ballast material used on ships. It was initially established along the Atlantic coast and quickly spread across the continent.
Another example of an aggressive invasive species is Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum), a submerged perennial aquatic plant that grows in lakes and ponds. Native to Europe, Asia, and North Africa, it was discovered in the eastern U.S. in the early 1900s, likely introduced and spread through the movement of watercraft. It establishes itself very quickly, grows rapidly, and spreads easily, forming dense mats at the water’s surface.
Left unmanaged, aggressive invasives like Phragmites and Eurasian watermilfoil can severely impact the stability of critical environmental systems. Effective control strategies help restore balance, preserve biodiversity, and safeguard the services ecosystems provide to humans and wildlife alike.
At Princeton Hydro, we use a multifaceted approach to invasive species control, employing mechanical, herbicidal, and biological strategies depending on the specific site conditions and project goals. One of our most effective tools is the Marsh Master® 2MX-KC-FH, a fully amphibious machine built to operate with minimal environmental disruption.
Equipped with hydraulic rotary cutting blades, a rear mounted roller/chopper attachment, and a front vegetation plow, the Marsh Master® cuts through dense vegetation like Phragmites, then chops and rolls the stalks, effectively preparing the soil for native seed germination or plug installation, making it ideal for nature preserves, canal banks, and restoration sites. Its light footprint (less than one pound per square inch) means it can traverse sensitive areas without damaging the soil or root layer.
Take a look at the Marsh Master® in the field, tackling Phragmites in tough terrain:
When paired with herbicide treatments and long-term monitoring, this approach has proven very effective in eradicating invasives, restoring wetland biodiversity, improving water quality, and creating wildlife habitat. Each site is carefully analyzed and, when required for optimal non-native plant management, a site-specific USEPA and state-registered herbicide is chosen to control the target plants while preserving the desirable, native vegetation currently populating the site. Application techniques, which are also specific to each site, include machine broadcast spraying, backpack foliar spraying, hand-wiping, basal applications, herbicide injection lances, along with various other techniques.
In partnership with GreenVest and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Baltimore District, Princeton Hydro contributed to a tidal marsh restoration project along the Patapsco River in Baltimore, Maryland. This initiative is part of the broader “Reimagine Middle Branch” plan, a community-driven revitalization effort to restore natural habitat and improve public access along 11 miles of Patapsco River shoreline.
At the project site near Reed Bird Island, roughly five acres of marsh had been overtaken by dense stands of Phragmites. The goal was to restore hydrologic connections to the Patapsco River and convert the monoculture into a thriving mosaic of native marsh vegetation. Our team used the Marsh Master® to mow and manage the Phragmites, followed by mechanical grading and sediment redistribution to create high and low marsh zones. The restoration plan included planting 5+ acres with a combination of native species and incorporating habitat features like woody debris and unplanted cobblestone patches to facilitate fish passage.
This project demonstrates how targeted invasive species control can support large-scale ecosystem restoration, community-led initiatives, and watershed-wide environmental goals.
Princeton Hydro has worked alongside New Jersey’s Mercer County Park Commission for over a decade to restore and protect some of the region’s most ecologically valuable landscapes. From comprehensive planning to boots-on-the-ground restoration, our efforts have focused on mitigating the spread of invasive species and promoting long-term ecological resilience.
John A. Roebling Memorial Park, part of the Abbott Marshlands, an ecologically rich freshwater tidal ecosystem that contains valuable habitat for many rare species, experienced a significant amount of loss and degradation, partially due to the introduction of Phragmites. In areas where Phragmites had overtaken native wetland communities, our team developed and executed an invasive species management plan tailored to the park’s unique hydrology and habitat types. Seasonal mowing in the winter and early spring with the Marsh Master® and targeted herbicide applications helped suppress invasive growth and enabled the rebound of native species, including Wild rice (Zizania aquatica), a culturally and ecologically significant plant.
Building on that success, we contributed to the development and implementation of the Master Plan for the Miry Run Dam Site 21, a comprehensive roadmap for ecological restoration and public access. We are advancing that vision through mitigating invasive species (primarily Phragmites), leading lake dredging, and executing a variety of habitat uplift efforts. Click here to learn more about this award-winning restoration initiative.
In 2024, Mercer County retained Princeton Hydro under an on-call contract for invasive species management across its park system, enabling our team to respond rapidly to emerging threats and support the county’s ongoing commitment to long-term ecosystem health.
At the Lower Raritan Mitigation Site in central New Jersey, Princeton Hydro has led a multi-year invasive species control effort as part of a larger wetland and stream restoration initiative. Dominated by reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) and Phragmites, the site had lost most (if not all) of its native biodiversity and ecological function.
Our team used a phased approach—mechanical mowing, herbicide treatment, and active planting of native species—to gradually suppress invasives and restore a healthy plant community. Monitoring data over several growing seasons has shown a significant decrease in invasive cover and a measurable increase in native diversity. Ongoing eradication of aggressive species and the promotion of native plant diversity are steadily guiding the site toward a resilient, self-sustaining ecosystem.
Owned and managed by The Nature Conservancy in New Jersey, the South Cape May Meadows Preserve is a 200-acre freshwater wetland and coastal habitat in southern New Jersey that serves as a critical refuge for migratory birds and other native wildlife. The preserve attracts over 90,000 visitors each year and is internationally recognized as a prime birdwatching destination.
Princeton Hydro is collaborating with The Nature Conservancy on a multi-faceted effort to both improve public access and restore the site’s ecological integrity. In 2023 and 2024, our team initiated the mechanical removal of dense stands of Phragmites using the Marsh Master® to suppress monocultures and promote native plant regeneration. Future phases may include targeted herbicide treatments and additional mechanical work.
In addition to the invasive species management component, this project collaboration has led to the construction of 2,675 feet of new elevated boardwalks, a 480-square-foot viewing platform, and enhancements to existing trails. Designing and installing these features across sensitive wetland terrain required a thoughtful, low-impact approach. The result is a more welcoming, species-rich, and resilient landscape that invites people into nature while actively protecting it.
Invasive vegetation doesn’t just affect wild landscapes, it also poses challenges for stormwater infrastructure. Many municipalities struggle with invasives overtaking stormwater basins, reducing their capacity and function, which can lead to violations of Municipal Separate Storm Sewer System (MS4) permits and municipality stormwater management regulatory requirements.
Princeton Hydro designs and implements comprehensive stormwater basin maintenance programs that include invasive species management. Removing Phragmites, broadleaf cattail (Typha latifolia), and other aggressive species from stormwater infrastructure helps to restore hydrologic flow and ensures the basins perform as designed. These maintenance programs also help maintain MS4 compliance, protect downstream water quality, and reduce flooding risks—while enhancing habitat value where possible.
The fight against invasive and aggressive non-native species is ongoing, and success requires a combination of science, strategy, and stewardship. Each effort implemented and every acre reclaimed is a step toward protecting the ecosystems we all depend on.
On a bright, sunny day in Warren County, Princeton Hydro celebrated the Columbia Dam Removal Project with New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP) Commissioner Catherine McCabe, The New Jersey Nature Conservancy (event organizer), American Rivers, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), NJDEP Division of Fish and Wildlife Service, RiverLogic Solutions, and SumCo Eco-Contracting.
Overlooking the soon-to-be removed, century-old, hydroelectric Columbia Dam, key stakeholders, including Princeton Hydro's President Geoffrey Goll, P.E. and New Jersey Nature Conservancy's Director Barbara Brummer, remarked on the success of the project, collaborative team efforts, and future benefits to the Paulins Kill habitat.
NJ Nature Conservancy's River Restoration Manager, Beth Styler-Barry thanked project funders including NJDEP's Office of Natural Resource Restoration, USFWS's Fish Passage Program, National Fish and Wildlife Foundation's Bring Back The Natives program, Natural Resources Conservation Service's Regional Conservation Partnership Program, New Jersey Corporate Wetlands Restoration Partnership, Leavens Foundation, Tom's of Maine, and Nature Conservancy members and donors.
"We made a commitment early-on to a 10-year monitoring and measurement plan. The removal of Columbia Dam is an opportunity to gain new knowledge and generate data that builds the case for this type of restoration. We'll be looking at everything from mussels to temperature to geomorphological changes to increasing our targeted efficiencies. We're also going to use images taken from repeated drone flyovers to look closely at changes in topography," said Styler-Barry.
NJDEP Commissioner Catherine McCabe added, "The Columbia Dam is ranked in the top 5% of the nearly 14,000 dams that were assessed for priority. It will give us one of the most bangs for our buck in terms of fish and native species that we'll be able to bring back up here." She added, "This is exactly what Natural Resources Damages funds should be used for, and we are thrilled to see it come to fruition."
Back in the day, this dam structure was a marvel of engineering. Because concrete was very expensive during the time of construction, a patented, innovative "ransom hollow" design was used, which means it has a hollow center with series of doorways underneath the dam, explained Geoffrey Goll, P.E., President of Princeton Hydro. However, sustainability and climate change are very important issues today and must be taken into consideration for the life-cycle of a dam.
"Removal is a logical step in the history of this dam. Dam removals are the most impactful restorations. They provide the most ecological uplift and improvement for rivers," Goll stated.
For Princeton Hydro, this project involved every discipline we have in the firm: civil engineering, fishery biology, wetland science, hydraulics, geotechnical engineering, and regulatory work. We were contracted by American Rivers to investigate, design, and permit for the removal of this dam for the New Jersey Nature Conservancy. Our team of engineers and ecologists studied the feasibility of removal by collecting sediment samples, performed bioassay tests, and conducted a hydraulic analysis of upstream and downstream conditions. Currently, we are providing construction administration services during the removal process. This project is a great example of our ability to complete multi-disciplinary projects in-house.
At the end of the press conference, project partners celebrated the anticipation of the "first hammer" in the near future with an imitation dynamite siren and plastic sledge hammers. It was truly a keystone moment for everyone involved in this project.
The remnant dam downstream has already been removed and the main dam is due to be removed very soon. Check out our previous story with a series of photos documenting this first-step in the overall dam removal process: bit.ly/ColumbiaDamRemoval. Stay tuned for photos during the main dam removal process too.
Princeton Hydro has designed, permitted, and overseen the reconstruction, repair, and removal of a dozens of small and large dams in the Northeast. To learn more about our fish passage and dam removal engineering services, visit: bit.ly/DamBarrier.
New Jersey, like other coastal states, has been losing coastal wetland habitats to a combination of subsidence, erosion and sea level rise. The New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection received a grant from the National Fish and Wildlife Federation to address this issue and rejuvenate these critical habitats. Grantees were charged with providing increased resilience to natural infrastructure that will in turn increase the resiliency of coastal communities in the face of future storms like Hurricane Sandy.
As a consultant for GreenTrust Alliance, a land conservancy holding company, Princeton Hydro worked with several project partners, including NJDEP, the US Army Corps of Engineers, NJDOT, The Wetlands Institute, and The Nature Conservancy, to increase the marsh elevation to an optimal range where vegetation, and the wildlife that depends on it, can flourish. One of the techniques used for this project included the use of dredged material disposal placement, which involves using recycled sand and salt dredged from navigation channels to boost the elevation of the degraded marsh.
A media statement from NJDEP further explained the process, "sediments dredged from navigation channels and other areas are pumped onto eroding wetlands to raise their elevations enough to allow native marsh grasses to flourish or to create nesting habitats needed by some rare wildlife species. Healthy marshes with thick mats of native grasses can cushion the impact of storm surges, thereby reducing property damage."
The salt marsh at the Fortescue project site is part of the Fortescue Wildlife Management Area. The specific goal of the project was to restore and enhance the interior high and low marsh, coastal dune and beach habitats.
To achieve these habitat enhancements, the Princeton Hydro project team first established biological benchmarks of each targeted habitat type and evaluated them to determine the upper and lower elevational tolerances for target communities and plant species. Approximately 33,300 cubic yards of dredged materials were used to restore a degraded salt marsh, restore an eroded dune, and replenish Fortescue Beach. The eroded dune was replaced with a dune designed to meet target flood elevations and protect the marsh behind it against future damage. The dune was constructed using dredged sand, and, to prevent sediment from entering the waterways, a Filtrexx containment material was used.
This project site is a tidal marsh complex located within a back-bay estuary proximal to Stone Harbor and Avalon. Princeton Hydro and project partners aimed to enhance the marsh in order to achieve the primary goal of restoring the natural function of the tidal marsh complex.
Two main activities were conducted in order to apply the dredged material to the impaired marsh plain: 1.) the placement of a thin layer of material over targeted areas of existing salt marsh to increase marsh elevations, 2.) the concentrated placement of material to fill expanding pools by elevating the substrate to the same elevation as the adjacent marsh. In total, dredged material was distributed among eight distinct placement areas throughout the property’s 51.2 acres.
These coastal wetland restoration activities will help to prevent the subsidence-based marsh loss by filling isolated pockets of open water and increasing marsh platform elevation. In addition, the beneficial reuse of dredged material facilitates routine and post-storm dredging and improves the navigability of waterways throughout the U.S.
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