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The law is intended to improve transparency during real estate transactions and help buyers better understand the responsibilities that can accompany dam ownership before becoming contractually obligated to buy the property. For many, a waterbody can be an attractive property asset that enhances aesthetics, recreation opportunities, and property value. However, what is not always apparent is that the waterbody may be maintained by a dam, and ownership of that dam comes with legal, financial, and regulatory responsibilities. Because dams are regulated infrastructure, depending on their size and hazard classification, owners may be responsible for routine inspections, maintenance, repairs, emergency planning, and ongoing compliance with state regulations. In some cases, property owners do not discover the full extent of those obligations until after a real estate transaction is complete, resulting in unexpected costs and liabilities. "Dams are critical infrastructure, but they also have long-term responsibilities. Owners can face substantial costs associated with inspections, maintenance, rehabilitation, and regulatory compliance, and those obligations often transfer with the property purchase," explained Geoffrey M. Goll, PE, President of Princeton Hydro and NJ-licensed Professional Engineer. "This legislation helps ensure that prospective buyers understand the presence and condition of a dam so that they can evaluate those obligations upfront. Families and business owners can make informed investments while preventing unexpected liabilities, promoting public safety, and encouraging responsible stewardship of aging dam infrastructure across the state." The passage of S3403/A4007 follows months of advocacy led by The Nature Conservancy in New Jersey, which first proposed the legislation and worked closely with lawmakers, stakeholders, and bipartisan supporters throughout the legislative process. Through testimony, coalition building, and sustained engagement, the organization helped elevate awareness of the challenges and costs associated with dam ownership and the importance of providing prospective property buyers with clear and timely information. "No family should learn after purchasing a home that they have also assumed responsibility for a structure that could require extensive repairs or ongoing compliance costs," said Rebecca Hilbert, New Jersey Policy Associate at The Nature Conservancy. "By requiring transparency for buyers upfront, this legislation supports consumers, enhances public safety and helps ensure that dams affecting New Jersey's rivers and communities are responsibly managed." [gallery link="none" ids="11742,11313,12035"] Understanding the New Law Section 1 of the New Jersey Dam Disclosure Law states, "A seller of real property located in this State shall disclose, on the property condition disclosure statement, whether a dam is located within the boundaries of the property and any actual knowledge of the seller concerning the dam, as required pursuant to this section, to the purchaser before the purchaser becomes obligated under any contract for the purchase of the property." The law also adds specific dam-related questions to the property condition disclosure statement, including: Is there a dam located wholly or partially on the property? If so, what is the hazard classification for the dam? If current law requires the inspection of the dam, what are the results of the most recent inspection? If there are any obligations associated with the dam under State law for which a purchaser would assume responsibility for, what are the obligations? Additionally, the law directs prospective buyers to New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP) resources regarding dam ownership responsibilities, dam removal, and hazard classifications to gain a better understanding of the implications of dam ownership before becoming contractually obligated or completing the sale transaction. "Maintaining, repairing or replacing a dam can cost a lot of money. People deserve to know if they are purchasing property with a dam on it, and what obligations they have for that dam,” said Assemblyman Dave Bailey. “This bill could save a new homebuyer or business owner millions of dollars in unexpected future costs." Click here to read the full statutory language and implementation details of the New Jersey Dam Disclosure Law. [gallery link="none" ids="17568,13640,17566"] The Broader Impact of S3403 The law serves a broader public safety purpose. Better informed ownership can encourage compliance with dam safety requirements, timely maintenance and repairs, and informed decision-making regarding rehabilitation, dam removal, and river restoration. These responsibilities are not insignificant. Under New Jersey's Safe Dam Act and Dam Safety Standards (N.J.A.C. 7:20), regulated dams must be inspected by a qualified New Jersey-licensed Professional Engineer every two to four years, depending on the dam's hazard classification. Regulated dam owners are also required to maintain an Operation and Maintenance Manual, while Hazard Class I and II dams must have a NJDEP-approved Emergency Action Plan in place. A regulated dam is generally defined as an artificial dike, levee, or barrier that raises the waters of a stream more than five feet above the usual mean low water height. Many property owners may be unaware that these requirements apply to a structure on their property until they begin exploring its regulatory status or ownership obligations, or receive a compliance letter from NJDEP. These requirements exist to protect people, property, and the environment from the consequences of dam failures. When dams are not properly maintained, the impacts can extend far beyond the property boundary, potentially resulting in downstream flooding, property damage, environmental degradation, impacts to wildlife habitat, and, in the most severe cases, loss of life. By increasing awareness of dam ownership responsibilities before a property changes hands, the new law can help support safer, more proactive management of New Jersey's aging dam infrastructure while reducing the likelihood of unexpected costs and obligations for future owners. In a press release from The Nature Conservancy the organization stated, "The Nature Conservancy supported the legislation because dams can have lasting impacts on public safety, local communities and the health of New Jersey's waterways. Ensuring property owners understand their responsibilities is an important step toward informed stewardship of dams that affect both people and nature." We applaud The Nature Conservancy for spearheading this effort and building the bipartisan support needed to move the legislation from concept to law. We also thank Governor Sherrill, Senator John Burzichelli, Assemblyman Dave Bailey, Assemblyman Sterley S. Stanley, and the many legislators who recognized the importance of greater transparency for New Jersey homebuyers and businesses. Princeton Hydro has long supported proactive dam safety management, providing dam inspections, geotechnical investigations, regulatory guidance, rehabilitation planning, and dam removal services to property owners, municipalities, organizations, and regulatory stakeholders throughout New Jersey and beyond. For decades, Geoff has been a leading voice in dam safety and removal. Widely recognized for pioneering dam removal efforts in New Jersey and for his expertise throughout the United States and internationally, Geoff has spent more than thirty years evaluating dams and helping owners navigate complex regulatory and infrastructure challenges. To learn more about dam safety inspection, we invite you to read our recent blog, "A Day in the Life of a Dam Inspector: Casey Pantaleo, PE." [post_title] => New Jersey's New Dam Disclosure Law: What Property Buyers and Sellers Need to Know [post_excerpt] => [post_status] => publish [comment_status] => open [ping_status] => open [post_password] => [post_name] => new-jerseys-new-dam-disclosure-law [to_ping] => [pinged] => [post_modified] => 2026-08-08 13:44:01 [post_modified_gmt] => 2026-08-08 13:44:01 [post_content_filtered] => [post_parent] => 0 [guid] => https://princetonhydro.com/?p=20032 [menu_order] => 0 [post_type] => post [post_mime_type] => [comment_count] => 0 [filter] => raw ) [1] => WP_Post Object ( [ID] => 19972 [post_author] => 1 [post_date] => 2026-06-24 22:08:28 [post_date_gmt] => 2026-06-24 22:08:28 [post_content] => When a dam is removed, what happens to all the sediment that has built up behind it? That question was the focus of a recent Dam Busters webinar led by Geoffrey M. Goll, PE, President of Princeton Hydro and an internationally recognized expert in dam removal and river restoration. During the session, Geoff shared insights on how sediment behaves during dam removal projects, how it accumulates behind dams, and how different materials such as sand, silt, and organic matter respond once the dam is removed. He also discussed the methods practitioners use to estimate how much sediment is likely to move, how quickly it will travel, and the risks it may pose downstream, along with the practical decisions project teams face, including when to rely on natural processes, when intervention is needed, and how to design a strategy that balances ecological benefits, cost, and potential impacts. Click here to watch the full webinar and explore the slide deck and additional resources. [embed]https://youtu.be/aQHGU0ha130?si=KJiZNCWSmBaj73Ld[/embed] Case Study: Paulina Lake Dam Removal Project During the webinar, Geoff highlighted a real-world example of a dam removal project that required careful sediment management: the Paulina Lake Dam removal on the Paulins Kill River in New Jersey. For this project, the team implemented a phased dam breach, gradually lowering water levels to control the release of sediment and allow the river to begin forming its new channel. A portion of the sediment, particularly the highly organic material near the dam, was actively removed to prevent downstream impacts, while the rest was allowed to mobilize naturally. To learn more about the Paulina Lake Dam removal project and see the transformation in action, click here to read our blog. [gallery link="none" ids="14028,17040,19110"] More About Dam Busters Dam Busters is an initiative created by the Mass Rivers Alliance in partnership with the Massachusetts Division of Ecological Restoration and the Charles River Watershed Association. Its mission is to provide dam removal stakeholders with the knowledge and tools needed to successfully support and implement projects. The program offers expert-led webinars with live Q&A, technical resources and guidance, site visits and hands-on learning opportunities, and in-person workshops and conferences. Whether new to dam removal or actively working in the field, Dam Busters provides valuable, expert-driven insights to help guide dam removal efforts. Click here to learn more and get involved. More About Geoff Geoffrey M. Goll, PE, a founding partner and the President of Princeton Hydro, has over 35 years of experience in water resources engineering, geotechnical engineering, and river restoration. He is widely recognized for advancing innovative and effective approaches to river restoration. Geoff holds a B.S. in Civil Engineering from Rutgers University, a Master of Engineering Management from the University of Wisconsin–Madison, and is a licensed Professional Engineer in 11 states. He pioneered dam removals for the purposes of fish passage in New Jersey and has overseen more than 50 dam removal designs. His understanding of sedimentation mechanisms and management of sediment behind impoundments has been instrumental in managing the mitigation of environmental impacts during and after demolition of river and stream obstructions. Click here to learn more about Geoff. [post_title] => WATCH NOW: Understanding Sediment Management for Dam Removal Projects [post_excerpt] => [post_status] => publish [comment_status] => open [ping_status] => open [post_password] => [post_name] => watch-now-understanding-sediment-management-for-dam-removal-projects [to_ping] => [pinged] => [post_modified] => 2026-06-24 22:08:28 [post_modified_gmt] => 2026-06-24 22:08:28 [post_content_filtered] => [post_parent] => 0 [guid] => https://princetonhydro.com/?p=19972 [menu_order] => 0 [post_type] => post [post_mime_type] => [comment_count] => 0 [filter] => raw ) [2] => WP_Post Object ( [ID] => 18379 [post_author] => 1 [post_date] => 2025-10-14 17:37:53 [post_date_gmt] => 2025-10-14 17:37:53 [post_content] => When most people think of engineering, they picture bridges, buildings, and dams rising above the landscape. Yet the performance and longevity of these structures depend just as much on the subsurface conditions beneath them. Geotechnical engineering is the discipline dedicated to investigating, analyzing, and characterizing soil, rock, landscape, and groundwater conditions, and applying that data to the design and construction of safe, resilient, and sustainable infrastructure and restoration projects. At Princeton Hydro, our geotechnical and soils engineers design and execute customized, cost-effective investigations that provide the parameters needed for successful design. Because geotechnical services touch every stage of a project, our integrated approach of investigation, including soils laboratory testing, analysis, and design, all done in-house, ensures streamlined communication, efficiency, and technical excellence. This blog offers a closer look at what geotechnical engineering entails, the specialized capabilities Princeton Hydro provides, and real-world examples of how our work supports resilient, sustainable design. Princeton Hydro’s Geotechnical Capabilities Geotechnical Investigations: Our engineers can perform subsurface investigation, identification, and assessment of accumulated sediment, subsurface soils, and rock, as well as slope stability and stabilization modeling. Our work ranges from foundation type and bearing capacity assessments to mitigation strategies for unsuitable materials. We also regularly conduct forensic geotechnical investigations, which focus on investigating soil-interaction-related failures of engineered infrastructure. Laboratory Testing: We operate an American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Accredited laboratory in Sicklerville, NJ. This allows us to complete 100% of geotechnical investigation planning and oversight, laboratory testing, analysis, design, and reporting in-house. Our geotechnical laboratory performs a full suite of soils and materials testing, including grain size analysis, plasticity index, organic content, moisture content, compaction characteristics of soil (Standard and Modified Proctor), California bearing ratio (CBR), one dimensional consolidation, and flexible and rigid wall permeability testing under constant or falling head conditions. With this capability, we can rapidly deliver high-quality data to inform project design and construction. Our laboratory is also a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Validated Laboratory. Click here to view Princeton Hydro’s complete accreditation listing and certificate. And, click here to learn more about the USACE Materials Testing Laboratories and Validation. Field & Construction Services: Our engineers are experienced in construction requirements, design, and methodology for various structures, as well as field inspections and special testing. We have a Certified Construction Specifier (CCS) on staff and ACI-certified concrete field-testing technicians. Our team performs compaction testing of soil and asphalt using a nuclear density gauge, reinforcing steel inspections, and 2006 International Building Code (IBC) special inspections. We help determine foundation type, site improvements, and optimal construction techniques. Dredging & Sediment Investigations: Over our 25-year history, we’ve managed more than 100 dredging projects across freshwater and estuarine systems. We specialize in beneficial reuse of dredged material for ecological restoration, including wetland creation, thin-layer placement, and living shorelines. Our team provides sediment characterization, slope stability modeling, and contaminant analysis in complex, developed watersheds. Princeton Hydro’s Geotechnical Work in Action To bring this work to life, we’ve chosen a few Princeton Hydro projects that showcase where our geotechnical expertise helped solve unique challenges: Geotechnical Design & Subsurface Investigations for Coastal Wetland Restoration – New York At Spring Creek Park North in Jamaica Bay, New York, decades of urbanization and dredged material placement had degraded more than 40 acres of tidal marsh and uplands. To address this, Princeton Hydro provided subsurface investigations and design services for a large-scale ecosystem restoration led by the USACE New York District, in partnership with NYC Parks. A key design assumption was the reuse of excavated material: soils removed from wetland areas were repurposed to construct upland hills, supporting both ecological function and cost-effective implementation. Our work included geotechnical borings, slope stability analyses, and hydraulic modeling, as well as the collection of topographic and bathymetric survey data, wetland delineations, vegetation assessments, and hydrodynamic measurements. This data informed the development of slope stability and hydraulic models and guided the restoration design. The project advanced through a structured engineering design process — with 30%, 60%, 90%, and 100% design submissions — along with preparation of technical specifications, permit applications, and a detailed construction cost estimate. When complete, the project will restore more than 43 acres of marsh and upland habitat, improving water quality, enhancing biodiversity, and strengthening climate resilience in one of New York City’s most ecologically significant coastal systems. [gallery size="medium" link="none" columns="2" ids="18187,18188"] Offshore Subsurface Investigation for Jetty Reconstruction – Delaware Princeton Hydro was contracted by USACE Philadelphia District to perform offshore subsurface geotechnical investigations in support of reconstructing the Indian River Inlet jetty at Delaware Seashore State Park. Working under challenging marine conditions, our team successfully advanced deep geotechnical borings (to depths of 100 feet) from a lift boat platform, collected soil samples, performed laboratory testing including triaxial strength, consolidation, and direct shear tests; and delivered detailed soil data. Despite difficult sea states, we maintained close communication with USACE to ensure safety and project continuity. The resulting data provided USACE with critical insight into subsurface conditions, helping inform design alternatives for the new jetty structure. [gallery size="medium" columns="2" link="none" ids="18185,18184"] Subsurface Investigations for Dike Raising – New Jersey At the Killcohook Confined Disposal Facility (CDF), Princeton Hydro carried out a large-scale subsurface investigation to support USACE Philadelphia District’s plans for raising the site’s perimeter dikes. The project site, formerly a National Wildlife Refuge, is located in Pennsville, New Jersey, on the eastern bank of the Delaware River, to the north of Fort Mott State Park and adjacent to the Supawna Meadows Wildlife Refuge. Each cell of the CDF receives dredge material from the Delaware River. The subsurface explorations performed by Princeton Hydro were conducted along the existing dike comprising the border of Cell 1 of the CDF. Cell 1 consists of an area of approximately 710 acres with the entire CDF covering 1,200 acres. For this exploration project, Princeton Hydro was tasked with the performance of thirty-one (31) geotechnical borings as well as sixty-five (65) cone penetrometer tests with porewater measurements (CPTu) soundings. Princeton Hydro also provided site safety oversight in accordance with USACE standards. Soil samples were logged and collected by Princeton Hydro and tested at their Sicklerville, New Jersey geotechnical laboratory, which is accredited under the AASHTO Accreditation Program and validated by USACE for soils testing. The data collected is now being used by USACE to design the upgraded dike system, ensuring safe, resilient operation of the facility for future dredged material management. [gallery link="none" columns="2" size="medium" ids="18181,18183"] Comprehensive Geotechnical Investigation and Reporting – New Jersey At the 545-acre Pedricktown North Confined Disposal Facility in Oldmans Township, New Jersey, located on the Delaware River west of Route 130 between Porcupine Road and Pennsgrove-Pedricktown Road, Princeton Hydro conducted a comprehensive subsurface investigation in support of a dike raising project led by the USACE Philadelphia District. As part of this field exploration, our team performed eight geotechnical borings, thirty-eight cone penetrometer tests with porewater measurement (CPTu) soundings, and collected five grab samples. These efforts provided critical soil strength and settlement data to inform USACE’s design of the upgraded dike system. In addition to managing subcontractors and ensuring compliance with USACE safety protocols, Princeton Hydro oversaw the field program, coordinated directly with the Project Manager, and delivered the final geotechnical report. This investigation is supplying USACE with essential geotechnical data to guide the design and construction of the improved dike infrastructure. [gallery link="none" size="medium" ids="18190,18193,18192"] This blog only scratches the surface of what geotechnical engineering entails. To dive deeper, we invite you to read “A Day in the Life: Princeton Hydro’s Geotechnical Laboratory,” where you’ll step into our laboratory and shadow Marissa Ciocco, P.E. as she turns soil samples into the data that drives resilient design. [post_title] => Beneath the Surface: Exploring the World of Geotechnical Engineering [post_excerpt] => [post_status] => publish [comment_status] => open [ping_status] => open [post_password] => [post_name] => beneath-the-surface-exploring-the-world-of-geotechnical-engineering [to_ping] => [pinged] => [post_modified] => 2025-10-15 17:39:54 [post_modified_gmt] => 2025-10-15 17:39:54 [post_content_filtered] => [post_parent] => 0 [guid] => https://princetonhydro.com/?p=18379 [menu_order] => 0 [post_type] => post [post_mime_type] => [comment_count] => 0 [filter] => raw ) [3] => WP_Post Object ( [ID] => 18009 [post_author] => 1 [post_date] => 2025-08-07 19:26:22 [post_date_gmt] => 2025-08-07 19:26:22 [post_content] => We're pleased to announce the release of the "New Jersey Nature-Based Solutions: Planning, Implementation, and Monitoring Reference Guide," a free resource that provides a comprehensive roadmap to incorporating nature-based solutions (NBS) into infrastructure, construction, restoration, and resilience projects across the state. Created by the Rutgers University New Jersey Climate Change Resource Center with support from The Nature Conservancy in New Jersey, the guide compiles current research, case studies, best practices, practical tools, science-based strategies, and funding resources to "inform and empower readers to implement and seek funding for NBS." Click here to view and download the guide now. Inside the Guide As the guide states, "nature-based solutions (NBS) are defined as actions to protect, sustainably manage, and restore natural and modified ecosystems that address societal challenges effectively and adaptively, simultaneously benefiting people and nature." (IUCN 2024) Whether you're a municipal planner, community leader, contractor, public- or private-sector professional, or an academic, new to NBS or experienced in large-scale restoration projects, the guide offers value at every level with practical instruction that spans the full project lifecycle, from planning and permitting to funding and long-term monitoring. While the content is tailored to New Jersey's diverse landscapes, the guide's insights and approaches are broadly applicable to regions with similar ecosystems, from Massachusetts to Virginia. The guide equips readers with:
Today, New Jersey Governor Mikie Sherrill signed Bill S3403/A4007 into law, requiring sellers to disclose the presence of dams on properties being sold in New Jersey along with information regarding the dams' condition, inspection history, hazard classification, and ownership obligations. The law is intended to improve transparency during real estate transactions and help buyers better understand the responsibilities that can accompany dam ownership before becoming contractually obligated to buy the property.
For many, a waterbody can be an attractive property asset that enhances aesthetics, recreation opportunities, and property value. However, what is not always apparent is that the waterbody may be maintained by a dam, and ownership of that dam comes with legal, financial, and regulatory responsibilities. Because dams are regulated infrastructure, depending on their size and hazard classification, owners may be responsible for routine inspections, maintenance, repairs, emergency planning, and ongoing compliance with state regulations. In some cases, property owners do not discover the full extent of those obligations until after a real estate transaction is complete, resulting in unexpected costs and liabilities.
"Dams are critical infrastructure, but they also have long-term responsibilities. Owners can face substantial costs associated with inspections, maintenance, rehabilitation, and regulatory compliance, and those obligations often transfer with the property purchase," explained Geoffrey M. Goll, PE, President of Princeton Hydro and NJ-licensed Professional Engineer. "This legislation helps ensure that prospective buyers understand the presence and condition of a dam so that they can evaluate those obligations upfront. Families and business owners can make informed investments while preventing unexpected liabilities, promoting public safety, and encouraging responsible stewardship of aging dam infrastructure across the state."
The passage of S3403/A4007 follows months of advocacy led by The Nature Conservancy in New Jersey, which first proposed the legislation and worked closely with lawmakers, stakeholders, and bipartisan supporters throughout the legislative process. Through testimony, coalition building, and sustained engagement, the organization helped elevate awareness of the challenges and costs associated with dam ownership and the importance of providing prospective property buyers with clear and timely information.
"No family should learn after purchasing a home that they have also assumed responsibility for a structure that could require extensive repairs or ongoing compliance costs," said Rebecca Hilbert, New Jersey Policy Associate at The Nature Conservancy. "By requiring transparency for buyers upfront, this legislation supports consumers, enhances public safety and helps ensure that dams affecting New Jersey's rivers and communities are responsibly managed."
Section 1 of the New Jersey Dam Disclosure Law states, "A seller of real property located in this State shall disclose, on the property condition disclosure statement, whether a dam is located within the boundaries of the property and any actual knowledge of the seller concerning the dam, as required pursuant to this section, to the purchaser before the purchaser becomes obligated under any contract for the purchase of the property." The law also adds specific dam-related questions to the property condition disclosure statement, including:
Additionally, the law directs prospective buyers to New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP) resources regarding dam ownership responsibilities, dam removal, and hazard classifications to gain a better understanding of the implications of dam ownership before becoming contractually obligated or completing the sale transaction.
The law serves a broader public safety purpose. Better informed ownership can encourage compliance with dam safety requirements, timely maintenance and repairs, and informed decision-making regarding rehabilitation, dam removal, and river restoration.
These responsibilities are not insignificant. Under New Jersey's Safe Dam Act and Dam Safety Standards (N.J.A.C. 7:20), regulated dams must be inspected by a qualified New Jersey-licensed Professional Engineer every two to four years, depending on the dam's hazard classification. Regulated dam owners are also required to maintain an Operation and Maintenance Manual, while Hazard Class I and II dams must have a NJDEP-approved Emergency Action Plan in place. A regulated dam is generally defined as an artificial dike, levee, or barrier that raises the waters of a stream more than five feet above the usual mean low water height. Many property owners may be unaware that these requirements apply to a structure on their property until they begin exploring its regulatory status or ownership obligations, or receive a compliance letter from NJDEP.
These requirements exist to protect people, property, and the environment from the consequences of dam failures. When dams are not properly maintained, the impacts can extend far beyond the property boundary, potentially resulting in downstream flooding, property damage, environmental degradation, impacts to wildlife habitat, and, in the most severe cases, loss of life. By increasing awareness of dam ownership responsibilities before a property changes hands, the new law can help support safer, more proactive management of New Jersey's aging dam infrastructure while reducing the likelihood of unexpected costs and obligations for future owners.
In a press release from The Nature Conservancy the organization stated, "The Nature Conservancy supported the legislation because dams can have lasting impacts on public safety, local communities and the health of New Jersey's waterways. Ensuring property owners understand their responsibilities is an important step toward informed stewardship of dams that affect both people and nature."
We applaud The Nature Conservancy for spearheading this effort and building the bipartisan support needed to move the legislation from concept to law. We also thank Governor Sherrill, Senator John Burzichelli, Assemblyman Dave Bailey, Assemblyman Sterley S. Stanley, and the many legislators who recognized the importance of greater transparency for New Jersey homebuyers and businesses.
Princeton Hydro has long supported proactive dam safety management, providing dam inspections, geotechnical investigations, regulatory guidance, rehabilitation planning, and dam removal services to property owners, municipalities, organizations, and regulatory stakeholders throughout New Jersey and beyond. For decades, Geoff has been a leading voice in dam safety and removal. Widely recognized for pioneering dam removal efforts in New Jersey and for his expertise throughout the United States and internationally, Geoff has spent more than thirty years evaluating dams and helping owners navigate complex regulatory and infrastructure challenges. To learn more about dam safety inspection, we invite you to read our recent blog, "A Day in the Life of a Dam Inspector: Casey Pantaleo, PE."
When a dam is removed, what happens to all the sediment that has built up behind it?
That question was the focus of a recent Dam Busters webinar led by Geoffrey M. Goll, PE, President of Princeton Hydro and an internationally recognized expert in dam removal and river restoration.
During the session, Geoff shared insights on how sediment behaves during dam removal projects, how it accumulates behind dams, and how different materials such as sand, silt, and organic matter respond once the dam is removed. He also discussed the methods practitioners use to estimate how much sediment is likely to move, how quickly it will travel, and the risks it may pose downstream, along with the practical decisions project teams face, including when to rely on natural processes, when intervention is needed, and how to design a strategy that balances ecological benefits, cost, and potential impacts.
During the webinar, Geoff highlighted a real-world example of a dam removal project that required careful sediment management: the Paulina Lake Dam removal on the Paulins Kill River in New Jersey. For this project, the team implemented a phased dam breach, gradually lowering water levels to control the release of sediment and allow the river to begin forming its new channel. A portion of the sediment, particularly the highly organic material near the dam, was actively removed to prevent downstream impacts, while the rest was allowed to mobilize naturally.
To learn more about the Paulina Lake Dam removal project and see the transformation in action, click here to read our blog.
Dam Busters is an initiative created by the Mass Rivers Alliance in partnership with the Massachusetts Division of Ecological Restoration and the Charles River Watershed Association. Its mission is to provide dam removal stakeholders with the knowledge and tools needed to successfully support and implement projects.
The program offers expert-led webinars with live Q&A, technical resources and guidance, site visits and hands-on learning opportunities, and in-person workshops and conferences. Whether new to dam removal or actively working in the field, Dam Busters provides valuable, expert-driven insights to help guide dam removal efforts.
Geoffrey M. Goll, PE, a founding partner and the President of Princeton Hydro, has over 35 years of experience in water resources engineering, geotechnical engineering, and river restoration. He is widely recognized for advancing innovative and effective approaches to river restoration.
Geoff holds a B.S. in Civil Engineering from Rutgers University, a Master of Engineering Management from the University of Wisconsin–Madison, and is a licensed Professional Engineer in 11 states. He pioneered dam removals for the purposes of fish passage in New Jersey and has overseen more than 50 dam removal designs. His understanding of sedimentation mechanisms and management of sediment behind impoundments has been instrumental in managing the mitigation of environmental impacts during and after demolition of river and stream obstructions. Click here to learn more about Geoff.
When most people think of engineering, they picture bridges, buildings, and dams rising above the landscape. Yet the performance and longevity of these structures depend just as much on the subsurface conditions beneath them. Geotechnical engineering is the discipline dedicated to investigating, analyzing, and characterizing soil, rock, landscape, and groundwater conditions, and applying that data to the design and construction of safe, resilient, and sustainable infrastructure and restoration projects.
At Princeton Hydro, our geotechnical and soils engineers design and execute customized, cost-effective investigations that provide the parameters needed for successful design. Because geotechnical services touch every stage of a project, our integrated approach of investigation, including soils laboratory testing, analysis, and design, all done in-house, ensures streamlined communication, efficiency, and technical excellence.
This blog offers a closer look at what geotechnical engineering entails, the specialized capabilities Princeton Hydro provides, and real-world examples of how our work supports resilient, sustainable design.
Geotechnical Investigations: Our engineers can perform subsurface investigation, identification, and assessment of accumulated sediment, subsurface soils, and rock, as well as slope stability and stabilization modeling. Our work ranges from foundation type and bearing capacity assessments to mitigation strategies for unsuitable materials. We also regularly conduct forensic geotechnical investigations, which focus on investigating soil-interaction-related failures of engineered infrastructure.
Laboratory Testing: We operate an American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Accredited laboratory in Sicklerville, NJ. This allows us to complete 100% of geotechnical investigation planning and oversight, laboratory testing, analysis, design, and reporting in-house. Our geotechnical laboratory performs a full suite of soils and materials testing, including grain size analysis, plasticity index, organic content, moisture content, compaction characteristics of soil (Standard and Modified Proctor), California bearing ratio (CBR), one dimensional consolidation, and flexible and rigid wall permeability testing under constant or falling head conditions. With this capability, we can rapidly deliver high-quality data to inform project design and construction. Our laboratory is also a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Validated Laboratory. Click here to view Princeton Hydro’s complete accreditation listing and certificate. And, click here to learn more about the USACE Materials Testing Laboratories and Validation.
Field & Construction Services: Our engineers are experienced in construction requirements, design, and methodology for various structures, as well as field inspections and special testing. We have a Certified Construction Specifier (CCS) on staff and ACI-certified concrete field-testing technicians. Our team performs compaction testing of soil and asphalt using a nuclear density gauge, reinforcing steel inspections, and 2006 International Building Code (IBC) special inspections. We help determine foundation type, site improvements, and optimal construction techniques.
Dredging & Sediment Investigations: Over our 25-year history, we’ve managed more than 100 dredging projects across freshwater and estuarine systems. We specialize in beneficial reuse of dredged material for ecological restoration, including wetland creation, thin-layer placement, and living shorelines. Our team provides sediment characterization, slope stability modeling, and contaminant analysis in complex, developed watersheds.
To bring this work to life, we’ve chosen a few Princeton Hydro projects that showcase where our geotechnical expertise helped solve unique challenges:
At Spring Creek Park North in Jamaica Bay, New York, decades of urbanization and dredged material placement had degraded more than 40 acres of tidal marsh and uplands. To address this, Princeton Hydro provided subsurface investigations and design services for a large-scale ecosystem restoration led by the USACE New York District, in partnership with NYC Parks.
A key design assumption was the reuse of excavated material: soils removed from wetland areas were repurposed to construct upland hills, supporting both ecological function and cost-effective implementation. Our work included geotechnical borings, slope stability analyses, and hydraulic modeling, as well as the collection of topographic and bathymetric survey data, wetland delineations, vegetation assessments, and hydrodynamic measurements. This data informed the development of slope stability and hydraulic models and guided the restoration design.
The project advanced through a structured engineering design process — with 30%, 60%, 90%, and 100% design submissions — along with preparation of technical specifications, permit applications, and a detailed construction cost estimate. When complete, the project will restore more than 43 acres of marsh and upland habitat, improving water quality, enhancing biodiversity, and strengthening climate resilience in one of New York City’s most ecologically significant coastal systems.
Princeton Hydro was contracted by USACE Philadelphia District to perform offshore subsurface geotechnical investigations in support of reconstructing the Indian River Inlet jetty at Delaware Seashore State Park. Working under challenging marine conditions, our team successfully advanced deep geotechnical borings (to depths of 100 feet) from a lift boat platform, collected soil samples, performed laboratory testing including triaxial strength, consolidation, and direct shear tests; and delivered detailed soil data. Despite difficult sea states, we maintained close communication with USACE to ensure safety and project continuity.
The resulting data provided USACE with critical insight into subsurface conditions, helping inform design alternatives for the new jetty structure.
At the Killcohook Confined Disposal Facility (CDF), Princeton Hydro carried out a large-scale subsurface investigation to support USACE Philadelphia District’s plans for raising the site’s perimeter dikes. The project site, formerly a National Wildlife Refuge, is located in Pennsville, New Jersey, on the eastern bank of the Delaware River, to the north of Fort Mott State Park and adjacent to the Supawna Meadows Wildlife Refuge. Each cell of the CDF receives dredge material from the Delaware River. The subsurface explorations performed by Princeton Hydro were conducted along the existing dike comprising the border of Cell 1 of the CDF. Cell 1 consists of an area of approximately 710 acres with the entire CDF covering 1,200 acres.
For this exploration project, Princeton Hydro was tasked with the performance of thirty-one (31) geotechnical borings as well as sixty-five (65) cone penetrometer tests with porewater measurements (CPTu) soundings. Princeton Hydro also provided site safety oversight in accordance with USACE standards. Soil samples were logged and collected by Princeton Hydro and tested at their Sicklerville, New Jersey geotechnical laboratory, which is accredited under the AASHTO Accreditation Program and validated by USACE for soils testing.
The data collected is now being used by USACE to design the upgraded dike system, ensuring safe, resilient operation of the facility for future dredged material management.
At the 545-acre Pedricktown North Confined Disposal Facility in Oldmans Township, New Jersey, located on the Delaware River west of Route 130 between Porcupine Road and Pennsgrove-Pedricktown Road, Princeton Hydro conducted a comprehensive subsurface investigation in support of a dike raising project led by the USACE Philadelphia District.
As part of this field exploration, our team performed eight geotechnical borings, thirty-eight cone penetrometer tests with porewater measurement (CPTu) soundings, and collected five grab samples. These efforts provided critical soil strength and settlement data to inform USACE’s design of the upgraded dike system.
In addition to managing subcontractors and ensuring compliance with USACE safety protocols, Princeton Hydro oversaw the field program, coordinated directly with the Project Manager, and delivered the final geotechnical report. This investigation is supplying USACE with essential geotechnical data to guide the design and construction of the improved dike infrastructure.
We're pleased to announce the release of the "New Jersey Nature-Based Solutions: Planning, Implementation, and Monitoring Reference Guide," a free resource that provides a comprehensive roadmap to incorporating nature-based solutions (NBS) into infrastructure, construction, restoration, and resilience projects across the state.
Created by the Rutgers University New Jersey Climate Change Resource Center with support from The Nature Conservancy in New Jersey, the guide compiles current research, case studies, best practices, practical tools, science-based strategies, and funding resources to "inform and empower readers to implement and seek funding for NBS."
Click here to view and download the guide now.
As the guide states, "nature-based solutions (NBS) are defined as actions to protect, sustainably manage, and restore natural and modified ecosystems that address societal challenges effectively and adaptively, simultaneously benefiting people and nature." (IUCN 2024)
Whether you're a municipal planner, community leader, contractor, public- or private-sector professional, or an academic, new to NBS or experienced in large-scale restoration projects, the guide offers value at every level with practical instruction that spans the full project lifecycle, from planning and permitting to funding and long-term monitoring. While the content is tailored to New Jersey's diverse landscapes, the guide's insights and approaches are broadly applicable to regions with similar ecosystems, from Massachusetts to Virginia.
The guide also includes insights on how to address equity considerations and foster meaningful community engagement, helping users implement NBS that are both impactful and inclusive.
Princeton Hydro was proud to contribute technical expertise to this important effort. Our Director of Restoration & Resilience, Christiana L. Pollack, CERP, CFM, GISP, participated on the guide's steering committee, and our team provided informational resources, including content and case studies on invasive species management, wetland and floodplain enhancement, and dam and culvert removal to restore rivers and improve fish passage. These contributions along with those from many other participants, reflect the collaborative nature of the guide and the collective commitment to advancing NBS across the state.
The guide's easy-to-follow format includes four key sections:
Whether you're just beginning to conceptualize a project or deep into project implementation, this guide is an invaluable addition to your toolbox. We encourage you to explore, download, and share it widely! Click here to access the guide now.
As part of the multi-faceted effort to restore the vital Hudson River ecosystem, the USACE New York District launched the Hudson River Habitat Restoration. Princeton Hydro led the Hudson River Habitat Restoration Integrated Feasibility Study and Environmental Assessment for USACE. For this project, we established and evaluated baseline conditions through data collection and analysis; developed restoration objectives and opportunities; prepared an Environmental Assessment; and designed conceptual restoration plans for eight sites.
This week, Lt. Gen. Scott A. Spellmon, USACE Commanding General and 55th U.S. Army Chief of Engineers, signed the Hudson River Habitat Restoration Ecosystem Restoration Chief’s Report, which represents the completion of the study and makes it eligible for congressional authorization.
As stated in the USACE-issued news release, “The Chief’s Report recommends three individual ecosystem restoration projects including Henry Hudson Park, Schodack Island Park, and Moodna Creek within the 125-mile study area from the Federal Lock and Dam at Troy, NY to the Governor Mario M. Cuomo Bridge. These projects would restore a total of approximately 22.8 acres of tidal wetlands, 8.5 acres of side-channel and wetland complex, and 1,760 linear feet of living shoreline with 0.6 acres of tidal wetlands. The plan would also reconnect 7.8 miles of tributary habitat to the Hudson River through the removal of 3 barriers along Moodna Creek.”
“The signing of this Chief’s Report is a significant milestone for the HRHR Project,” said Col. Matthew Luzzatto, USACE New York District Commander. “This has truly been a team effort and I want to thank our non-federal sponsors, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation and New York State Department of State, and all of our engineers, scientists, and partners at the local, state and federal level for their unwavering support.”
Read the full press release here. And, for more background information on the Feasibility Study and proposed restoration work, check out our original blog post:
On the Paulins Kill, the 100-year old Columbia Lake Dam has almost been completely removed, and fish passage has been restored! Since the first cut was executed on the main dam in August, many exciting advances have been made towards restoring the Paulins Kill back to its natural state. Check out the video below, courtesy of the New Jersey Nature Conservancy Volunteer Drone Team.
Piece by piece, the dam was notched out throughout the fall season and is now completely removed with the exception of the dam apron, the horizontal concrete structure that sits downstream of the dam, and the section of the dam that sits below the riverbed. The part of the dam in the riverbed is now being removed all the way down to three feet under the ground. The full removal is estimated to be complete by mid-March. In mid-August, the first cut was widened to 80 feet, allowing for better management of high flows during storm events, which had been posing a challenge immediately following the first cut.
In late August, the installation of rock vanes at the Brugler Road Bridge began. Rock vanes are engineered, in-stream structures that help to stabilize a channel while enhancing aquatic habitat and movement.
The rock vanes installed at the Brugler Road Bridge site are cross vanes. Cross vanes consist of a set of boulders angled upstream on a river, with another section of smaller rocks placed upstream. The taller sections of the cross vanes deflect the streamflow away from the banks, decreasing scouring effects. Instead, the flow travels over the rock walls and concentrates down the center of the channel, creating a deep and elongated pool in the middle of the stream.
Velocities between the notches in the rock vanes were evaluated using a velocity meter in accordance with the design specifications originally proposed. Based on the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service fish passage design criteria, velocities in the notches could not be greater than 8.25 feet per second. All of the velocity measurements in this rock vane were below the maximum thresholds, ensuring no blockage of fish passage is made through the vanes.
Since the removal of the dam began, vegetative growth from the natural seedbed of the upper impoundment has been observed (see photo below).
In October, scour protection installation commenced at the Warrington Road Bridge site. After the team conducted geotechnical test pits, they discovered that a concrete scour wall that slopes out to the Paulins Kill was present and deep enough to be able to install rock at the necessary depth. They also found that the existing gabions, caged baskets filled with rock or concrete often used to protect against erosion, were intact and could be left in place. The team installed four (4) feet of riprap under and around the bridge in the riverbed and tied it into the existing grade of the banks.
The original notch in the dam was lowered one foot per day starting in mid-December, reducing water surface elevations down to the apron elevation during the month of January.
To accommodate NJ Fish and Wildlife’s request for animal passage under the I-80 bridges, an area of the previously installed riprap on the northwest abutment wall was flattened out and filled in with river cobble. This path will promote wildlife movement under the bridge as opposed to through the existing tunnel.
Currently, rock vanes are being installed under the I-80 bridges specifically to enhance fish passage. These structures vary slightly from the rock vanes at the Brugler Road Bridge site, as they are designed to slow river flow, helping migrating fish travel upstream and traverse a 5-foot elevation difference in the streambed, much like a fish ladder.
These rock vanes are more than halfway completed and are on track to be finished in time for fish populations to make full use of them. The next steps are to finish the demolition of the dam and the construction of the fish passage rock vanes under the I-80 bridges, plant vegetation throughout the upper impoundment, create a recreational trail through the upper impoundment, and plan for fishing and boating access! Stay tuned for more exciting developments on this incredible project.
Thank you to our project partners: The Nature Conservancy, American Rivers, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and NJDEP Division of Fish and Wildlife Service.
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Princeton Hydro has designed, permitted, and overseen the reconstruction, repair, and removal of a dozens of small and large dams in the Northeast. To learn more about our fish passage and dam removal engineering services, visit: bit.ly/DamBarrier.
[caption id="attachment_2936" align="aligncenter" width="493"] Ursino Dam on the Elizabeth River in Union County, New Jersey is one of the sites Princeton Hydro inspected for flood control, ensuring the system is providing the level of protection it was designed to deliver.[/caption]
Located 20 miles southwest of New York City, the City of Elizabeth, New Jersey, is situated along the Elizabeth River. For the city's 125,000 residents, living along the river has many benefits, but the benefits are not without flood risk. In order to manage the risk associated with potential flooding, a series of levees and floodwalls were installed along the banks of the Elizabeth River. A levee is an embankment that is constructed to prevent overflow from a river. They are a crucial element for protecting cities from disastrous flooding, and as such they require periodic inspections to ensure that all components are functioning properly.
Princeton Hydro was contracted by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, New York District (USACE NYD) to perform rigorous flood control project inspections (i.e., “Periodic Inspections”) for the four levee systems located along the Elizabeth River. For this project, our team inspected over 17,000 linear feet of levee embankment and 2,500 linear feet of floodwall.
Levee systems are comprised of components which collectively provide flood risk management to a defined area. These components can include levees, structural floodwalls, closure gates, pumping stations, culverts, and interior drainage works. These components are interconnected and collectively ensure the protection of development and/or infrastructure that is situated within a floodplain. Failure of just one critical component within a system could constitute an overall system failure. During Hurricane Katrina, for example, dozens of levees were destroyed, leaving the Louisiana coast with billions of dollars in damage and over one thousand lives lost.
Periodic inspections are necessary in order to ensure a levee system will perform as expected. They are also needed to identify deficiencies in the levee, or areas that need monitoring or immediate repair. Critically important maintenance activities include continuously assessing the integrity of the levee system to identify changes over time, collecting information to help inform decisions about future actions, and providing the public with information about the levees on which they rely.
Periodic inspections are extremely comprehensive and include three key steps: data collection, field inspection, and development of a final report.
Prior to conducting field inspections, Princeton Hydro’s engineers evaluated the Elizabeth River levee system's documented design criteria. This evaluation was conducted to assess the ability of each feature and the overall system to function as authorized, and also to identify any potential need to update the system design. Princeton Hydro teamed with HDR to carry out the inspections. A comprehensive review of existing data on operation and maintenance, previous inspections, emergency action plans, and flood fighting records was also performed.
The Princeton Hydro field inspection team consisted of geotechnical, water resource, mechanical, structural, and electrical engineers. Detailed inspections were performed on each segment of each levee system. This included the detailed inspection and documentation of over 17,000 linear feet of levee embankment, over 2,500 linear feet of floodwall, four pumping stations, 29 interior drainage structures, five closure gates, and various other encroachments and facilities. Princeton Hydro identified, evaluated, and rated the state of each of these system elements. As part of this field inspection task, Princeton Hydro utilized a state-of-the-art tablet and GIS technology in order to field-locate inspection points and record item ratings. This digital collection of data helps expedite data processing and ensures higher levels of accuracy.
Princeton Hydro prepared a Periodic Inspection Report for each of the four levee systems inspected, which included the results of the design document review, methods and results of the field inspection, a summary of areas/items of concern, a preliminary engineering assessment of causes of distress or abnormal conditions, and recommendations for remedial actions to address identified concerns. Final report development included briefing the USACE Levee Safety Officer (LSO) on our inspection findings, assigned ratings, and recommendations.
Levee inspections are vital to the longevity of levee systems and the safety of the communities they protect. By providing the municipalities with detailed inspection reports, effective repair and management programs can be designed and implemented efficiently. This helps to ensure the levee systems are providing the level of protection that they were designed to deliver.
Princeton Hydro’s Geoscience and Water Resource Engineering teams perform levee and dam inspections throughout the Mid-Atlantic and New England Regions. For more info, click here.
Brendon Achey provides a wide range of technical skills and services for Princeton Hydro. His responsibilities include: project management, preparation and quality control of technical deliverables, geotechnical investigations and analysis, groundwater hydrology, soil sampling plan design and implementation, and site characterization. He is responsible for managing the daily operations of the AASHTO-accredited and USACE-validated soil testing laboratory. In addition to laboratory testing and analysis, Brendon is responsible for analyzing results in support of geotechnical and stormwater management design evaluations. This may include bearing capacity and settlement analysis of both shallow and deep foundations, retaining wall design, and recommendations for stormwater management practices.
As dams age and decay, they can become public safety hazards, presenting a failure risk and flooding danger. According to American Rivers, “more than 90,000 dams in the country are no longer serving the purpose that they were built to provide decades or centuries ago.” Dam removal has increasingly become the best option for property owners who can no longer afford the rising cost of maintenance and repair work required to maintain these complex structures.
Dams can also cause environmental issues such as blocking the movement of fish and other aquatic species, inundating river habitat, impairing water quality, and altering the flow necessary to sustain river life. Removing nonfunctional, outdated dams can bring a river back to its natural state and significantly increase biodiversity for the surrounding watershed.
Currently, work is underway in Watertown, Connecticut to remove the Heminway Pond Dam, which restricts fish passage in Steele Brook, creates a pond with increased water temperatures and high bacterial levels due to high geese populations, and encourages deposition of iron precipitate in the stream channel just downstream of the dam.
Princeton Hydro designed the engineering plans, managed permitting and is now overseeing construction for the removal project. The removal of the Heminway Pond Dam is identified as an integral component in addressing water quality impairment between the dam and Echo Lake Road.
REMOVAL OF HEMINWAY POND DAM ON STEELE BROOK IN WATERTOWN UNDERWAY After almost 15 years of discussion and planning with the Town of Watertown and other partners, removal of Heminway Pond Dam on Steele Brook in Watertown finally got underway in early July. Though no longer functional, the dam and pond were originally constructed to supply water for a former thread/string mill. The Town acquired the dam and pond from the Siemon Company, the most recent owner, in 2007 with an eye towards removing the dam, restoring the river and converting the dewatered impoundment area into a passive recreation area, including an extension of the Steele Brook Greenway. With these goals in mind, the Town approached CT DEEP for help with removal of the dam. As it turns out, CT DEEP, has also had a strong interest in seeing this dam removed. It is anticipated that dam removal will improve the hydrology in this section of Steele Brook and eliminate a water quality impairment which manifests itself during hot weather and low flow conditions, as an orange-colored plume of water (due to iron precipitate) immediately downstream of the dam that impacts aquatic life. Dam removal would also benefit fisheries by restoring stream connectivity and habitat. Working towards these mutual goals, CT DEEP was able to provide federal CWA 319 nonpoint source grant funding to USDA NRCS to develop a watershed-based plan for Steele Brook to address nonpoint source impairments that includes a dam removal feasibility analysis for Heminway Pond Dam. Based on the recommendations in this plan, CT DEEP subsequently provided additional 319 grant funds to the Town of Watertown to hire a consultant to develop a dam removal design package, and assist with permitting and preparation. With the Town of Watertown as a strong and vested partner, CT DEEP is now helping this project over the finish line by providing a combination of 319 and SEP funds to accomplish the actual dam removal and restoration of Steele Brook. Dayton Construction Company is performing the construction and Princeton Hydro is the consultant overseeing the project on behalf of the Town. The Northwest Conservation District is also assisting with the project. It is anticipated that the majority of the work will be completed by this Fall. U.S. EPA, ACOE and CT DEEP have all played active roles with regard to permitting the project.
After almost 15 years of discussion and planning with the Town of Watertown and other partners, removal of Heminway Pond Dam on Steele Brook in Watertown finally got underway in early July. Though no longer functional, the dam and pond were originally constructed to supply water for a former thread/string mill. The Town acquired the dam and pond from the Siemon Company, the most recent owner, in 2007 with an eye towards removing the dam, restoring the river and converting the dewatered impoundment area into a passive recreation area, including an extension of the Steele Brook Greenway. With these goals in mind, the Town approached CT DEEP for help with removal of the dam.
As it turns out, CT DEEP, has also had a strong interest in seeing this dam removed. It is anticipated that dam removal will improve the hydrology in this section of Steele Brook and eliminate a water quality impairment which manifests itself during hot weather and low flow conditions, as an orange-colored plume of water (due to iron precipitate) immediately downstream of the dam that impacts aquatic life. Dam removal would also benefit fisheries by restoring stream connectivity and habitat.
Working towards these mutual goals, CT DEEP was able to provide federal CWA 319 nonpoint source grant funding to USDA NRCS to develop a watershed-based plan for Steele Brook to address nonpoint source impairments that includes a dam removal feasibility analysis for Heminway Pond Dam. Based on the recommendations in this plan, CT DEEP subsequently provided additional 319 grant funds to the Town of Watertown to hire a consultant to develop a dam removal design package, and assist with permitting and preparation.
With the Town of Watertown as a strong and vested partner, CT DEEP is now helping this project over the finish line by providing a combination of 319 and SEP funds to accomplish the actual dam removal and restoration of Steele Brook. Dayton Construction Company is performing the construction and Princeton Hydro is the consultant overseeing the project on behalf of the Town. The Northwest Conservation District is also assisting with the project. It is anticipated that the majority of the work will be completed by this Fall. U.S. EPA, ACOE and CT DEEP have all played active roles with regard to permitting the project.
Princeton Hydro has designed, permitted, and overseen the reconstruction, repair, and removal of dozens of small and large dams in the Northeast. Click here to read about a recent dam removal project the firm completed on the Moosup River.
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Update (June 15, 2017) - NJDEP issued press release on the finding of American shad on the Musky. Bob Shin, NJDEP Commissioner, stated, “[t]he return of shad, a benchmark species indicative of the overall ecological health and diversity of a waterway, is an exciting milestone.... This achievement is the direct result of an ongoing partnership among state and federal agencies, nonprofit groups, and dam owners – all committed to making this beautiful waterway free-flowing again.” On June 7, 2017, Princeton Hydro celebrated along with the Musconetcong Watershed Association (and an excellent story of the MWA, human history of the river, and the efforts to preserve the history and ecology can be found here) and other project partners, the discovery of American shad on the Musconetcong River in NJ, over 250 years after they were blocked from this major tributary of the Delaware River - On September 8, 2016, then Secretary of the Interior, Sally Jewell, held a press conference to celebrate the initial breach of the Hughesville Dam on the Musconetcong River (time lapse of removal is here). The press conference was held as the Department of the Interior via of the US Fish and Wildlife Service provided the funding to remove this obsolete structure through their Hurricane Sandy Recovery funding and the Natural Resource Damage Assessment and Restoration program. In addition to the Honorable Sally Jewell, NJDEP Commissioner Bob Martin, and US Army Corp of Engineers, Philadelphia District Commander Lt. Colonel Michael Bliss, were also on hand to speak about the importance of the Hughesville Dam removal and dam removal in general. To have such dignitaries at the highest levels of our Federal and State government speak at a project our firm designed was truly an honor and privilege. It was a great day to celebrate the next obsolete dam on the Musconetcong River to fall to the progress of river restoration. However, this would pale in comparison to the news we received on Wednesday, June 7, 2017, when the NJ Division of Fish and Wildlife confirmed the presence of the American shad (Alosa sapidissima) above the Hughesville Dam! Ms. Patricia Hamilton, Fisheries Biologist of NJ Fish And Wildlife, reported that they "spotted small schools of American Shad (at most 6 at a time) and captured 4 several hundred yards downstream of the Warren Glen Dam", five miles from the confluence of the Delaware River. This is the first documentation of American shad on this river in over 250 years! So, what is the big deal you may ask. The American shad is the Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern United States' salmon; it is actually a clupeid, a forage type fish closely related to herrings and sardines. Like herrings and sardines, they are a very oily fish, high in omega-3 fats, and low in contamination. It is also a fairly large clupeid, reaching three to eight pounds as adults. Like the salmon, American shad are anadromous, meaning they live the major part of their lives in the ocean and spawn up the coasts' rivers. The American shad is not a spectacularly looking fish to say the least, and in fact, looks like a "generic" illustration of a fish, unlike the sleek and sexy salmon. It doesn't even jump. However, this fish is a long distance and endurance swimmer, who's migration from its hatching in rivers of the East Coast to its primary habitat in the Atlantic Ocean up in the Gulf of Maine, makes it one of the Earth's great travelers. It can swim nearly 20,000 kilometers in its first five years of life and can dive to depths of up to 375 meters. And like all of its clupeid kindred, it is both a key prey species for many large fish and cetaceans in the Atlantic's pelagic zone (open ocean) and an important commercial fish. But it is the existence of over-fishing, pollution and dams that had brought this species to its knees in many of the major eastern US rivers. While the Delaware River shad and herring species have rebounded somewhat from low populations in the mid-1900s with the advent of the US Clean Water Act, they continue to struggle to regain their numbers, and in fact, there is now a moratorium on catching river herring in the Delaware River, and NJ has a moratorium on the harvesting of shad and herring on its tributaries to the Delaware River and Atlantic Ocean. As far as tributary access is concerned, the largest tributaries to the Delaware, the Schuylkill and Lehigh Rivers, are still blocked by dams to their mouths with very little efficiency of fish ladders provided; with their dams having very little success in gaining support for the removal of their blockages. So, any gains in additional spawning habitat for such anadromous species is viewed as a significant victory. The opening of the Musconetcong River to migrating fish will be a large contributor to the rebound of American shad, and other river herring species. As one of the original 13 colonies, NJ was an integral partner in the start of the United States and early industrial revolution. It has been documented through our research during the dam removal regulatory permit application process on this waterway that the Musconetcong River has been dammed just about all the way to its confluence with the Delaware River since the mid-1700s, and likely much earlier. So, before there was anyone who understood the importance of unimpeded rivers for fish migration, this particular route was cut-off in its entirety, and then remained so for well over 250 years. So, it is understandable that there was no reason to assume that anadromous fish, such as shad, would resume the use of the river in a short period of time; however, there existed the right habitat for them, should they be afforded access...and the hope of the partners working on this river. There were doubters, to be sure, but "lo and behold", we now know these mighty fish took advantage of an opening almost immediately. Now, I am not stating that American shad immediately realized that the Hughesville Dam was gone and took a B-line from the Delaware River to the highest unimpeded location. First, other dams downstream of the Hughesville Dam had been removed over the past several years. These dams included the Finesville Dam (for an excellent video of the story of this dam removal, check out this video by the US Fish and Wildlife Service), removed in 2011 and the Reigelsville Dam remnants (there were two additional remnants found when the first foundation was removed) soon after the Finesville Dam was removed. So, it is likely that American Shad had started moving up the river to the base of the Hughesville Dam between 2011 and 2016. Still the response by American shad is nothing short of spectacular. For the over 250 years this species has not been able to use this river, at all, and now, within a span less than six years of dam removal activities, this fish is raring to comeback and, hopefully, spawn and increase their numbers. And the efforts are not nearly complete for the Musconetcong River. The finding of the American shad five miles upstream from the Delaware River shows that this river can and, now, does support this fish. This generic looking fish, yet awesome product of evolution should only fuel the fire of continued restoration efforts, proof-positive that the labor and funds spent here, in this river, gets results. Such funds and labor (an staggering amount of time, blood, sweat, and tears) are required in order to get the river restoration work done. These projects have received the majority of their backing from the federal government, through grant programs, natural resource damage funds, and direct Congressional authorized funds. Without support from Washington, D.C.,, and Trenton, none of this work would be possible. And to get these funds, required work by the many team partners to prepare applications, meet with federal agencies, and educate the public through open and transparent meetings and communication. This was an impressive effort by the residents of this watershed, professionals who provided their expertise, and the state and federal employees who have dedicated their lives to this kind of work. The Musconetcong River, with its recovering ecosystem, and its human and non-human inhabitants continue to amaze me in how we should all strive to strike balance between man and nature; and all this is being accomplished in the most densely populated state in the nation. The finding of American shad gives me reason to cheer, and is why I do what I do. This is it, the return of a species that at one time we had no assurance would return, has returned. This is hope for us, after all.
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