On April 9, experts and stakeholders from across the country gathered virtually for the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection’s (NJDEP) 6th Annual Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) Summit. Held via Microsoft Teams and free to attend, this year’s summit embraced the theme “Kicking the HAB-it Together: Collaborating to Get Ahead of HABs”—a fitting reflection of the event’s focus on moving away from crisis-driven responses and toward proactive, long-term solutions for managing HABs.

The summit brought together a diverse audience of local, state, and federal government representatives, environmental commissions, watershed associations, nonprofits, academic researchers, lake management professionals, and community members united by a shared goal: to better understand, prevent, and manage the impacts of HABs. With presentations spanning public health, policy, science, and on-the-ground solutions, the program set the stage for a day of insightful discussion and knowledge-sharing.

The day kicked off with opening remarks and presentations from NJDEP representatives and the Montgomery Township Health Department, who provided updates on state-level HAB response efforts and local public health perspectives. The morning session also featured a technical keynote address from Dr. Wayne Carmichael, Professor Emeritus at Wright State University and a nationally recognized pioneer in HAB research. Dr. Carmichael offered a comprehensive national overview of the current HAB landscape, emerging threats, and the evolving science behind bloom detection, health risk assessment, and mitigation strategies. His presentation underscored the importance of cross-sector collaboration in tackling this growing environmental challenge.

In the afternoon, the focus shifted to collaboration and preparedness. A panel discussion titled “Getting Ahead of the Crisis: Prevention vs. Response” included a range of voices, including NJDEP leadership, municipal representatives, and advocacy groups like The Watershed Institute. Panelists discussed how coordinated efforts, regulatory tools, and community engagement can help prevent the conditions that lead to HABs, rather than merely responding after blooms occur.

The final portion of the summit highlighted innovative management strategies. Presentations covered topics like choosing practical solutions for HABs and restoration case studies. Princeton Hydro’s own Pat Rose, Aquatics Project Manager and Environmental Scientist, was among the expert speakers. Pat presented on a cutting-edge research and development initiative funded by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC). His talk explored both proactive and reactive treatment strategies designed to control near-shore HABs at Lake Hopatcong, New Jersey's largest lake, in a cost-effective and sustainable manner.

If you weren’t able to attend the summit live, don’t worry—you can now watch the full recording on the NJDEP YouTube channel:

[embed]https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0qnGIJe0QHE&t=4s[/embed]

More Resources & How to Stay Informed

HABs are rapid, large overgrowths of cyanobacteria. Cyanobacteria, also known as blue-green algae, aren’t actually algae, they are prokaryotes, single-celled aquatic organisms that are closely related to bacteria and can photosynthesize like algae. These microorganisms are a natural part of aquatic ecosystems, but, under the right conditions (e.g., heavy rains followed by hot, sunny days), these organisms can rapidly increase to form HABs. Climate change is leading to more frequent, more intense rainstorms that drive run-off pollutants into waterways, coupled with more hot days that increase the water temperature, creating the ideal environment for HABs to proliferate. In recent years, HABs have begun to appear in more places, earlier in the summer.

The New Jersey Governor’s HABs Initiative was launched in 2019 after lakes throughout NJ (and the entire Continental U.S.) suffered from HAB outbreaks, which caused local and county health agencies to close off all beaches and issue advisories. These unprecedented conditions had significant negative impacts on lake-related ecological, recreational, and economic resources. The Governor’s initiative designated $13 million in funding to local communities for HABs reduction/prevention; established the HABs expert team, which includes Princeton Hydro Senior Technical Director, Ecological Services Dr. Fred Lubnow; and coordinated annual HABs summits in order to encourage continued community education and discussion.

To learn more about HABs, view educational resources, or report a HAB sighting, visit the NJDEP Division of Water Monitoring and Standards HABs website.

At Princeton Hydro, we take pride in fostering a culture of continuous learning and professional growth. Today, we're delighted to celebrate the accomplishments of two team members whose recent certifications exemplify this commitment. Their achievements not only reflect individual dedication but also enhance our firm’s collective ability to innovate and deliver exceptional environmental solutions.

Scott Churm Earns EutroSORB® PRO Certification

Scott Churm, Senior Director of Field Services, recently became a PRO Certified EutroSORB® Specialist—a designation granted by SePRO Corporation to professionals trained in the implementation of EutroSORB Water Quality Technologies for phosphorus control in lakes and ponds.

EutroSORB® is a cutting-edge technology designed to reduce phosphorus levels, curtail eutrophication, and restore the health of aquatic ecosystems. To earn this certification, Scott completed specialized training and passed a comprehensive exam, demonstrating his advanced knowledge in evaluating water quality issues and prescribing targeted, effective solutions.

Since joining Princeton Hydro in 2006, Scott has led our pond and lake management services with unmatched expertise. From identifying invasive aquatic species to overseeing long-term management plans, his work spans hundreds of sites and over 1,000 acres. He’s a licensed pesticide applicator in five states and has implemented a wide range of techniques—from hydro-raking and weed harvesting to aeration system installations and biological controls—to support the health and balance of aquatic environments.

With this new certification, Scott adds another tool to his already expansive toolbox, further reinforcing our team’s ability to restore and preserve water bodies across the region.

Matthew Pappas Becomes a Certified Construction Specifier (CCS®)

Matthew Pappas, a Geotechnical Engineer at Princeton Hydro, recently earned the prestigious CCS® credential from the Construction Specifications Institute (CSI). This certification demonstrates advanced proficiency in specification (spec) writing, construction documentation, and product research—critical skills that improve project delivery and communication across all phases of construction.

To become CCS-certified, candidates must pass a rigorous exam that evaluates their understanding of contracts, technical documentation, and spec development best practices. With this achievement, Matthew joins a select group of professionals recognized for their ability to clearly and effectively communicate design intent, construction materials, and performance standards.

Since joining Princeton Hydro in 2019, Matthew has worked across disciplines, supporting our geotechnical practice and green infrastructure initiatives. His responsibilities span from field investigations and laboratory testing to slope stability and sediment modeling to spec drafting and cost estimating. He’s also earned several technical responsibilities, including serving as the firm's Radiation Safety Officer and receiving training in concrete field testing.

Matthew's initiative and adaptability have made him a valuable asset to our team, and his CCS certification further exemplifies his dedication to technical excellence and lifelong learning.

Congratulations to Scott and Matthew on their well-earned achievements! To learn more about the Princeton Hydro team, click here.

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Welcome to the latest edition of our “A Day in the Life” blog series! Today, we’re diving into the world of lake management, biological sampling, and watershed restoration with Patrick Rose, an Environmental Scientist and Project Manager in Princeton Hydro’s Aquatics Division.

Since joining Princeton Hydro in 2019, Pat has played a key role in a range of aquatic projects, from water quality monitoring to fisheries management. His expertise spans in-lake and watershed management, including cyanobacteria monitoring, invasive species control, and statistical analysis of water quality and biological data. Pat has contributed to major initiatives such as developing Nine Element Watershed Implementation Plans for two of New Jersey’s largest lakes, crafting cyanotoxin mitigation strategies, and conducting lake phosphorus assessments to guide restoration efforts.

His journey into aquatics began with a transformative summer course at Lake Atitlán in Guatemala, which ignited his passion for watershed science. After earning both an undergraduate degree in Environmental Science and a graduate degree in Lake Management from SUNY Oneonta, he spent a year with AmeriCorps in Knoxville, Tennessee, working on water quality initiatives with high school students and government agencies. He later completed a co-op managing aquatic invasive plants in the Pacific Northwest before joining Princeton Hydro as an intern in 2016, transitioning to a full-time role in 2019.

Now, let’s step into Pat’s boots (or waders) and see what a typical day in the field looks like—starting with the essential preparations before heading out on the water.

Preparing Equipment and Safety Gear for a Day in the Field

Pat’s days are as varied as the ecosystems he studies. When fieldwork is on the schedule, his morning starts early—often before sunrise. The first step is checking the weather forecast to anticipate any conditions that could impact the day’s work.

Next, he heads to the Princeton Hydro field office, where the team’s trucks, boats, and specialized aquatics equipment—such as the Truxor DM, Marsh Master 2MX-KC-FH, and Airboat—are stored. Before hitting the road, Pat and his team conduct a thorough inventory, gathering all necessary tools and performing critical equipment checks and calibrations.

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“It’s important to ensure that all of the equipment is accounted for and in good working order before leaving for the project site because the site can be a few hours away,” Pat explains. “We calibrate our water quality meters every morning to ensure that all of our measurements are accurate.”

Even for routine monitoring projects at familiar sites, planning is essential. Some projects require full-day or multi-day sampling efforts, especially when testing large waterbodies at multiple locations. A well-structured plan helps keep the process efficient while allowing flexibility for unexpected challenges. As part of the Health and Safety Plan (HASP), the team also reviews emergency protocols, including identifying key points of contact and the nearest hospital in case of an emergency.

If the project involves a boat, the team double-checks all required safety gear, including life jackets, fire extinguishers, flares, air horns, and first aid kits. They also bring protective gloves, especially when working in areas where harmful algal blooms (HABs) are suspected. To prevent the spread of invasive species, they follow strict decontamination protocols, washing boats at the end of each field day.

With the gear packed, safety checks complete, and a solid plan in place, it’s time to hit the water and begin the day’s fieldwork.

On the Water: Conducting Water Quality Monitoring in the Field

Once Pat and the project team arrive at the site, they prepare the boat for launch and conduct a final safety check before heading out on the water.

While they may have specific sampling locations identified in advance, the team remains vigilant for any additional signs of water quality issues, such as HABs, invasive aquatic weeds, or other ecological disturbances. They also take note of positive indicators of a healthy ecosystem, including native fish species, beneficial aquatic plants, and diverse wildlife activity.

Decisions about field measurements at each location are guided by the client’s directives, an approved lake management plan, and any known or suspected water quality challenges the team is working to mitigate.

One of the primary tools Pat relies on is the multiprobe water quality meter, which allows him to efficiently measure key water quality parameters, including temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, and specific conductivity. This instrument provides real-time data, enabling the team to assess conditions on-site and make informed decisions about sampling and management strategies.

Watch this video where Pat demonstrates how to use a multiprobe water quality meter: [embed]https://youtu.be/6J1oV1qdh4k[/embed]

In addition to using the multiprobe, the team collects water samples for laboratory analysis, testing for conductivity, turbidity, nutrient levels, and, in some cases, fecal coliform bacteria. Shoreline assessments are also a crucial part of monitoring efforts. Pat and his team walk the banks to document erosion, bank stability, and native plant growth, recording their observations through field notes and photo documentation.

With data collection complete, the next step is analyzing the results and translating the findings into actionable insights.

Exploring Lake Hopatcong: A Case Study in Trout Habitat Monitoring

One of the projects Pat is most involved with is the trout habitat monitoring study at Lake Hopatcong, New Jersey’s largest lake. The lake’s trout fishery is a major recreational attraction, drawing anglers from across the region and contributing to the local economy. However, an analysis of 30 years of water quality data revealed a concerning trend—rising surface water temperatures, which can negatively impact trout habitat and survival rates.

[gallery columns="2" link="none" ids="17136,17132"]

In response to these concerns, the Lake Hopatcong Commission (LHC) Trout Committee was formed in 2021. Working in collaboration with the Lake Hopatcong Foundation and the Knee-Deep Club, the committee launched a three-year trout tagging study to evaluate the lake’s ability to support a sustainable trout population. Princeton Hydro is responsible for all technical aspects of the study, including data collection, analysis, and reporting, with funding provided by the New Jersey Highlands Council.

To understand how habitat conditions fluctuate during peak summer stress periods, Pat and his team conducted weekly sampling in July and August at both deep-water stations and nearshore areas. “We take GPS measurements at every site around the shoreline where we measure temperature and dissolved oxygen,” Pat explains. “Then, we send the locations to our GIS team so they can create detailed habitat maps.”

The study focuses on two key elements:

1. Deep-Water Sampling:

Pat and his team collect in-situ water quality profiles at five deep-water stations across the lake.
Using a calibrated multiprobe water quality meter, they take readings at 1-meter intervals from the surface to the lake bed, refining the intervals near habitat boundaries to improve accuracy.
Core parameters include temperature and dissolved oxygen, with additional data on specific conductance and pH.
These measurements help define the upper habitat limit (controlled by temperature) and the lower limit (governed by dissolved oxygen levels).

2. Nearshore & Stream Sampling:

Pat’s team surveys potential trout refuge areas along the shoreline, where trout might seek cooler, oxygen-rich waters in late summer.
Over the course of the study, they have sampled 116 locations in 2022 and 110 locations in 2023, gathering in-situ temperature and dissolved oxygen data to identify possible refuge sites.
They also measure these parameters in major stream inlets, assessing sources of cooler water that could support trout habitat.

By collecting and analyzing this data, the study provides critical insights into how trout habitat is changing and what can be done to protect and enhance suitable conditions for this important fishery. Click here to read more about the Lake Hopatcong Trout Habitat and Tagging Study.

Building Partnerships for a Thriving Lake

[caption id="attachment_17219" align="alignright" width="444"]

Floating Wetland installation at Lake Hopatcong[/caption]

Managing aquatic projects isn’t just about addressing challenges—it’s about bringing people together to protect and enhance vital ecosystems. Successful water quality restoration efforts thrive on collaboration, education, and community engagement.

“Lakes serve many purposes, and different groups value different aspects,” Pat explains. “Fishermen often want sufficient aquatic vegetation for a healthy fishery, while boaters and swimmers typically prefer little to no vegetation. The best way to ensure a balanced approach is to involve all stakeholders in the conversation.”

At Lake Hopatcong, Pat and his team work closely with the Lake Hopatcong Commission, Lake Hopatcong Foundation, local government entities, volunteers, and community members. Regular communication and engagement efforts ensure that project goals reflect the needs of the entire community. By fostering open dialogue, gathering feedback, and sharing scientific insights, they aim to inspire stewardship and long-term investment in the lake’s health.

Looking Ahead

As Pat continues to make meaningful contributions to Princeton Hydro’s mission, he remains dedicated to expanding his expertise and leadership in lake and watershed management. He thrives on the balance between technical fieldwork, client collaboration, and mentorship, and he’s always eager to take on new challenges in aquatic science.

For students interested in the field, Pat emphasizes the value of hands-on experience: “Take as many courses as you can in aquatics and related fields,” he advises. “Seek out internships, research opportunities, or assist graduate students and professors. Real-world experience is invaluable.”

With passionate professionals like Pat leading the way, the future of lake management and watershed restoration is in good hands.

Click here to read the previous "Day in the Life" blog series edition featuring Tara Srinivasan, Environmental Scientist and GIS Analyst, and stay tuned for more behind-the-scenes stories from our talented team!

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We’re thrilled to announce that Princeton Hydro’s Senior Manager of Aquatics and Certified Lake Manager, Chris L. Mikolajczyk, has been appointed as President-Elect of the Colorado Lake and Reservoir Management Association’s (CLRMA) 2025 Board of Directors. This appointment highlights Chris’s dedication to lake management and his commitment to advancing aquatic resource conservation efforts.

CLRMA, which was founded in 1996, brings together citizens, scientists, and professionals with a shared passion for protecting Colorado’s lakes and reservoirs. The annual CLRMA board election took place on October 22, 2024 during the organization’s fall conference. This event, a cornerstone for water resource professionals and conservation advocates throughout Colorado, fosters connections and knowledge-sharing on aquatic ecosystem health, water quality, and the legal and financial aspects of lake management.

Chris will serve as President-Elect for a one-year term, after which he will become President. In this role, Chris will work closely with CLRMA members to plan and host educational events, including spring and fall conferences, and summer gatherings, such as lake appreciation days and family-friendly workshops. With his extensive experience in lake management, as well as a term as the President of the North American Lake Management Society (NALMS), Chris is well-prepared to contribute to CLRMA’s mission of protecting and enhancing Colorado’s lakes and reservoirs.

“It’s an honor to join the CLRMA board and have the opportunity to contribute to the sustainability of Colorado’s valuable water resources,” said Chris. “I look forward to collaborating with the CLRMA team to advance our shared mission of fostering resilient, healthy lakes and reservoirs.”

Chris joined Princeton Hydro in 1999 and has spent the past 25 years managing and restoring lakes and aquatic ecosystems. Over his career, he has led numerous lake management and water quality projects across the U.S. and has played an active role in professional organizations such as NALMS. Chris’s experience includes lake diagnostics, watershed management planning, stormwater quality modeling, and leading various aquatic restoration initiatives. He brings a wealth of knowledge to CLRMA and is excited to expand his involvement in Colorado’s lake conservation community.

Alongside Chris, the newly elected 2025 CLRMA Board members include:

President: Erin Stewart
Treasurer: Cindy Brady
Director: Alex Bentz
Director (1-year term): Caleb Owen
Director at Large: Steve Lundt

Additional CLRMA Board members who will continue their roles include Suresh Niraula (Past President), Meghan Chantler (Secretary), Claire Farmer (Director), and James Eklund (West Slope Director).

Together, the CLRMA board provides a forum for sharing expertise and solutions on issues facing Colorado’s lakes, from water quality and ecosystem resilience to watershed protection.

Princeton Hydro is proud to support Chris in his work with CLRMA as we continue our mission of delivering sustainable, science-based solutions for water resource management and lake restoration across the country. This mission has recently extended to Colorado, where we completed our first project—a bathymetric assessment of Fairplay Beach Reservoir in partnership with the Town of Fairplay. This project involved mapping the reservoir’s underwater landscape to support its conservation, adding critical data for future restoration and management efforts in this beautiful high-altitude ecosystem.

As we look ahead, Princeton Hydro is excited to bring our expertise to Colorado’s unique aquatic environments and partner with local communities and conservation organizations to protect the state’s natural resources. Stay tuned for more updates as we continue exploring new waters and contributing to sustainable resource management across the region.

For more information about CLRMA and its work in protecting Colorado’s lakes and reservoirs, visit their website here.

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Lake Hopatcong, New Jersey's largest freshwater lake, spans 2,600 acres and stretches over six miles, forming part of the border between Sussex and Morris counties in the state’s northern Highlands region. Just 40 miles from Manhattan, its proximity to the city, combined with its scenic beauty, recreational appeal, and rich biodiversity, has long made it a desirable destination for visitors, residents, and businesses alike. The lake’s waters and surrounding habitats support diverse wildlife, including aquatic plants, animals, birds, and other terrestrial species.

Increased residential and commercial development, along with the impacts of climate change, have placed growing pressures on the lake’s ecosystem. Managing these pressures is vital to preserving water quality and protecting the biodiversity of both the lake and its watershed.

The Lake Hopatcong Foundation (LHF) and Lake Hopatcong Commission (LHC) are dedicated to protecting the lake and balancing development with environmental stewardship. Through thoughtful planning, long-term sustainability initiatives, and strategic partnerships, they have worked to safeguard the lake’s ecological, economic, and recreational value.

Princeton Hydro, a long-standing partner in this effort, has been involved in restoring the lake and managing its watershed for over 30 years. Our work has focused on reducing pollutant loads, managing stormwater runoff, addressing invasive aquatic plants and nuisance algal blooms, and enhancing habitat quality. Together with LHF, LHC, and funding partners, we have implemented a variety of projects designed to protect the lake and the communities that rely on it.

As a key partner, the New Jersey Highlands Council (Highlands Council) has provided essential funding for many of these critical projects, ensuring they come to fruition. These efforts reflect the Council’s commitment to safeguarding Lake Hopatcong’s future while upholding the Highlands Act’s mission to protect natural resources and foster sustainable community growth. These collaborations are vital to the initiatives that preserve the lake’s water quality, restore habitats, and promote the long-term health of the region.

Showcasing Success at the New Jersey Highlands Council 20th Anniversary Event

In celebration of its 20th anniversary, the Highlands Council hosted a special event, which featured a “Lake Hopatcong Exhibit,” highlighting many of the successful projects that it funded. Representatives from LHC, LHF, Highlands Council, and Princeton Hydro, were on hand to discuss the significance of these projects and their contributions to the long-term health of the lake and surrounding communities.

The exhibit included a variety of interactive experiences, including informative posters and maps detailing project efforts. Participants were able to examine Lake Hopatcong water samples under microscopes with guidance from Dr. Fred S. Lubnow, Princeton Hydro Senior Technical Director of Ecological Services.

By highlighting both the challenges faced and the progress made, the exhibit offered attendees a deeper understanding of the lake’s critical role in the region’s environmental and economic sustainability as well as the ongoing efforts to maintain the lake's water quality and protect its ecological health.

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Lake Hopatcong Success Stories Funded by the New Jersey Highlands Council

Through funding from the Council, a variety of partners including LHF, LHC, Princeton Hydro, and local government agencies have been able to implement a myriad of projects. From stormwater management systems to watershed restoration efforts, these initiatives are designed to address issues like nutrient pollution, invasive species, and habitat degradation. These projects are helping to protect the lake’s water quality and ensure its healthy future:

Upper Musconetcong Watershed Implementation Plan (WIP): $109,000 to LHC

In 2021, the Upper Musconetcong River Watershed Restoration Plan was updated to a 9-element WIP. This revision re-evaluated existing conditions, integrated green infrastructure, and incorporated emerging technologies. The WIP has since facilitated funding for projects such as biochar installation, alum treatments to reduce phosphorus, and stormwater management improvements. 25% of the WIP ($27,250) was used as match toward a National Fish and Wildlife Foundation (NFWF) grant ($485,650). This effort led to NJDEP 319 (h) Stormwater Grant for Biofiltration at Lakeside Fields ($239,000).

Restoration Plan for Memorial Beach and Park in the Borough of Mount Arlington: $60,000 to Borough of Mount Arlington

A restoration plan was developed for the watershed that directly flows to Memorial Beach through the park. A series of stormwater management measures were recommended and subsequent funding was secured. This effort led to community-funded project for the dredging of Memorial Pond ($277,000) and a slope stabilization with native plantings at Memorial Pond via a NJ Department of Environmental Protection 319(h) grant. $70,500 was also used as match for NFWF Glen Brook Project (Total Project - Glen, Muscy, Witten - $485,650)

Preliminary Feasibility Assessment & Data Collection for Beneficial Reuse of Sediment in Landing Channel: $47,650 to Roxbury Township

Erosion of Floating Island, which located in Lake Hopatcong’s Landing Channel, contributed to significant sediment accumulation. A preliminary feasibility study conducted by Princeton Hydro explored dredging and habitat restoration options. The proposed beneficial reuse/dredging project would rehabilitate the island and lead to reduced phosphorus in the lake, increased beneficial wetland habitat, and improved water quality. The next phase of the project includes engineering design, permitting, and implementation.

Feasibility Study Update for Sewering Jefferson Township Section of Lake Hopatcong Watershed: $100,000 to Jefferson Township

A 25+ year-old feasibility study was updated to lay the groundwork for the the installation of sanitary sewers along the lakefront area of Jefferson Township, which is currently using septic systems. This marked the first step in addressing one of largest sources of phosphorus entering Lake Hopatcong and a pivotal milestone in the ongoing efforts to safeguard water quality and mitigate the risk of harmful algal blooms (HABs) on Lake Hopatcong. These efforts led to a Community Funded Project from Congresswoman Sherill’s Office ($750,000).

Design of a Bank Stabilization and Planting Project along the Musconetcong River: $89,500 to Roxbury Township

A bank stabilization design and planting plan was completed for a popular fishing location along the Musconetcong River between Lakes Hopatcong and Musconetcong. The project, led by the LHC with technical assistance from Princeton Hydro, aims to reduce sediment and nutrient levels in Lake Musconetcong by improving the condition of a key section of the Musconetcong River. The Highlands Council grant to Roxbury Township provided the critical first step in this long-term, multifaceted project.

Oxygenation Feasibility Study: $80,300 to Morris County

Princeton Hydro completed a feasibility study for the design of an oxygenation system for Lake Hopatcong. It aimed to address the lake’s internal phosphorus load that contributes toward the nuisance HABs over the summer months. Since the widespread occurrence of HABs in 2019, the LHF and the LHC have been actively exploring solutions to reduce their frequency. Oxygenation systems help prevent stagnation of water, increasing circulation, disrupting thermal stratification which provides “through-column” mixing, and minimizes the occurrence of HABs. The results of this study will be used to move the project forward into the permitting and implementation phases.

Design of a Regenerative Stormwater Conveyance System for Witten Park: $54,000 to Borough of Hopatcong

A planting plan and regenerative stormwater conveyance system design was completed to aid in the mitigation of stormwater in Witten Park. A new system will help to manage and treat stormwater within the park, reducing erosion and sediment that flows into Lake Hopatcong. The system will also restore the floodplain, wetlands, and streams, and improve the ecological health of the area. The funding from the Council was also used by LHC as in-kind match for a NFWF grant award ($353,000) for the permitting & implementation phases.

Three Year Trout Habitat Study at Lake Hopatcong: $130,000 to Jefferson Township

One of the most significant recreational draws to Lake Hopatcong is its trout fishery, recognized regionally by anglers and established as an important component of the local economy. Data collected over the past 30 years at the lake was analyzed and showed increasing surface water temperatures, a trend that may suggest that the trout carryover habitat is being negatively impacted. The LHC, in cooperation with the LHF and the Knee-Deep Club, initiated a three-year trout tagging study. The study focused on the introduction of larger trout to assess the long-term population dynamics of those stocked fish and the general health of the fishery.

Revitalization of Two Stormwater Basins in Roxbury Township: $98,100 to Roxbury Township

Planning documents, a hydraulic & hydrologic analysis, and an engineering report were prepared for the construction of two stormwater basin retrofits. The stormwater basin retrofit project aims to minimize runoff and reduce pollutants flowing into Lake Hopatcong, thus protecting water quality. The reconstruction of the basins is critical in managing stormwater effectively, preventing erosion, and reducing nutrient loads that contribute to harmful algal blooms. By improving these basins, the project plays a key role in safeguarding the lake's ecosystem and ensuring the long-term health of its water resources.

Development of Plans for Catch Basins at Shore Hills Beach Club: $42,500 to Morris County

A field assessment, survey, and engineering design was completed for the installation of stormwater treatment devices at each of the outfall systems at the Shore Hills Beach Club property, which is located at the southern most tip of Lake Hopatcong. The primary goal of the project is to reduce phosphorus loads entering the lake, which can lead to nuisance weed growth, reduced water quality, and the proliferation of HABs. This funding from the Council enabled the project's next phase: construction.

As we celebrate the 20th anniversary of the New Jersey Highlands Council and its vital contributions to Lake Hopatcong, it’s clear that the future of this treasured resource relies on ongoing collaboration among stakeholders, local communities, and environmental organizations. By implementing innovative solutions and promoting sustainable practices, we can ensure that Lake Hopatcong continues to thrive as both an ecological haven and a recreational hub. This collective effort not only enhances the lake’s water quality and biodiversity but also strengthens the economic vitality of the surrounding communities, fostering a legacy of environmental stewardship for generations to come.

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Princeton Hydro recently completed its first project in Colorado—a bathymetric assessment of the Fairplay Beach Reservoir. In partnership with the Town of Fairplay, this project focused on mapping the reservoir’s underwater landscape to support ongoing conservation efforts.

In this blog, we'll dive into the details of the bathymetric assessment process, the significance of this work for Fairplay Beach Reservoir, and the role it plays in preserving the area's natural beauty and resources.

What is a Bathymetric Assessment?

A bathymetric assessment is a precise scientific method used to map the depths and contours of a waterbody. This process involves measuring water depths and quantifying accumulated, unconsolidated sediment, offering crucial insights into the underwater terrain. Bathymetric assessments play a vital role in long-term conservation efforts by providing essential data that informs decisions about the restoration and protection of the waterbody.

During the assessment, advanced equipment, including dual-frequency fathometers linked to GIS software and GPS systems, are used to collect data across the waterbody. The resulting maps provide a comprehensive view of the waterbody’s depth and sediment thickness. These maps are crucial for various management activities, including assessing the need for dredging, understanding sedimentation patterns and their impact on water quality and aquatic habitats, evaluating the colonization of aquatic plants, and analyzing the overall health of the aquatic ecosystem. Additionally, this data is used in trophic models to predict the reservoir’s response to incoming nutrients, further supporting the management and preservation of water quality.

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The Fairplay Beach Reservoir: A Jewel in the Rockies

A town steeped in history, Fairplay, Colorado was founded in 1859 during the Pike’s Peak Gold Rush. Located at nearly 10,000 feet in elevation, it is the largest community in the South Park grassland basin of Colorado. Today, Fairplay is a charming destination that attracts visitors with its opportunities for fishing, panning for gold, hiking and camping amidst the stunning backdrop of the Rocky Mountains.

Nestled in the heart of Fairplay, Fairplay Beach Reservoir is a small yet vital waterbody created in 1922 when a dam was constructed on the South Platte River. This high-altitude reservoir has become an essential recreation resource, particularly for brown and rainbow trout fishing. Fairplay Beach is also a central feature of the Fairplay River Park Master Plan, which focuses on preserving this important resource for future generations.

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The Survey: Unveiling the Depths

Princeton Hydro's team, Senior Manager of Aquatics and Colorado resident Chris Mikolajczyk, CLM and Senior Environmental Scientist J.P. Bell, GISP, conducted the assessment in August 2024. Utilizing a dory boat equipped with state-of-the-art technology, the team meticulously mapped the reservoir's depths and sediment layers. Michele White, a local Board member of the Pikes Peak Chapter of Trout Unlimited assisted the project team by offering her expertise as a local fishing guide and providing the dory to carry all of the survey instruments across the reservoir. The assessment covered 29 traverses across the reservoir, providing a comprehensive view of its underwater topography.

The data collected during this assessment will serve as a baseline for future studies, helping to track changes in water volume and sedimentation over time. It also provides critical insights for the Fairplay River Park Master Plan, guiding future decisions on dredging, habitat restoration, and water resource management.

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Looking Ahead

As Princeton Hydro continues to expand its reach, we are excited to bring our expertise in water resource management to new regions like Colorado. The successful completion of the Fairplay Beach Reservoir bathymetric assessment is just the beginning of what we hope will be a long and fruitful partnership with communities and conservation organizations across the state.

We look forward to future opportunities to contribute to the preservation and enhancement of Colorado’s unique high-altitude aquatic environments. Stay tuned for more updates as we continue to explore new waters and chart new territories.

Over the last two decades, the Princeton Hydro team has improved water quality in hundreds of ponds and lakes, restored many miles of rivers, and enhanced thousands of acres of ecosystems in the Northeast. Recently, Smith Mountain Lake Association sought the expertise of Princeton Hydro to investigate the cause of a harmful algal bloom and protect the lake from future outbreaks. Click here to learn more.

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Mercer County Park, spanning over 2,500 acres across the Townships of West Windsor, Hamilton, and Lawrence, is a treasured natural resource. Like many waterbodies throughout New Jersey, some of the lakes within Mercer County Park have been increasingly affected by harmful algal blooms (HABs) in recent years. In response to the growing frequency, duration, and severity of these blooms, the Mercer County Park Commission (MCPC) has intensified its efforts to enhance the overall health of its lakes.

To address these challenges, the County of Mercer tasked the MCPC with developing a comprehensive Lake and Watershed Management Plan. The ultimate goal is to ensure the health, stability, and sustainability of the park's aquatic ecosystems, thereby enhancing the recreational experience for park users. In this endeavor, the MCPC has partnered with Princeton Hydro to bridge gaps in the existing data and create a thorough management plan.

The plan documents the current conditions of waterbodies within the park, including Mercer Lake, which is the largest, and its surrounding watershed; identifies and prioritizes existing and potential water quality challenges; and provides targeted recommendations for treatment and restoration.

Princeton Hydro conducted a detailed analysis of the lakes' ecological health, including water quality monitoring, bathymetric mapping, and assessment of hydrologic and pollutant budgets. These comprehensive efforts have culminated in a robust management plan designed to protect and improve the lakes' ecological balance and recreational value.

Expanding the Initiative Across Mercer County

While Mercer Lake is a key focus, Princeton Hydro's commitment extends beyond this single waterbody. Recognizing the interconnected nature of the county's aquatic ecosystems, the team conducted similar analysis and developed Lake and Watershed Management Plans for three additional lakes in other parks within Mercer County.

These lakes are:

Curlis Lake in Curlis Lake Woods Park
Rosedale Lake in Rosedale Park
Spring Lake in John A. Roebling Memorial Park

Each of these lakes, like Mercer Lake, faces unique challenges related to maintaining water quality, protecting ecological balance, and mitigating HABs. By applying a comprehensive approach tailored to the specific conditions and needs of each lake, Princeton Hydro aims to enhance the overall health of these vital resources.

Let's dive into the details of Mercer Lake's plan!

Historical Data Review: Laying the Foundation for Informed Management

The first crucial step in developing Mercer County Park's comprehensive lake management plan involved a thorough review of historical data obtained from various sources, including the County, New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP), New Jersey Department of Transportation (NJDOT), and U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). This review was essential for capitalizing on established water quality trends, identifying recurring problems, and evaluating the success of previous restoration efforts.

The historical data review spanned an impressive range of years from 1963 to 2016, though it did contain some significant gaps. Despite these gaps, the long-term data provided invaluable insights into the lake's ecological history. By integrating reliable data from past studies, the team could complement their field efforts with supplemental information.

Princeton Hydro examined data on Mercer Lake, a key focus of the management plan initiative, and on all streams within each watershed that feed into the lake. This included any available surface water data from the USGS, a standard approach in aquatic system studies. By analyzing these data, the team identified trends in water quality, highlighted persistent issues, and assessed the effectiveness of past restoration efforts.

This comprehensive historical data review set the stage for a robust watershed assessment, ensuring that the management plan would be informed by a solid foundation of past knowledge.

Bathymetric Survey: Mapping Mercer Lake's Depths and Sediments

A bathymetric survey is a scientific method used to map the depths and topography of waterbodies, providing detailed information about the underwater terrain and the distribution of sediments. This survey is crucial for understanding various aspects of a lake's ecosystem, including sediment thickness, water volume, and potential areas for dredging. The data gathered from a bathymetric survey helps in making informed decisions regarding the restoration and protection of lakes.

Princeton Hydro conducted the bathymetric survey using a calibrated sounding rod for shallow areas and a dual-frequency echo sounder with GPS for deeper regions. The sounding rod was employed in areas with water depths of 12 inches or less and where sediment composition hindered echo sounding. The echo sounder, a Knudsen Engineering model 1612, used high and low frequencies to distinguish the top and bottom of sediment layers. Data points were collected along predetermined transects spaced 150 feet apart, running from shoreline to shoreline in a north-south direction.

Once fieldwork was completed, the collected data was processed using Hypack Max software. This involved editing the raw sounder data to correct errors such as double reflections and interference from aquatic vegetation. The cleaned data was exported to ArcGIS for further analysis and mapping.

The results of the bathymetric survey revealed that Mercer Lake, a key focus of the lake management plan, covers a surface area of approximately 287 acres and is primarily an oval-shaped impoundment. The lake receives inflow from Assunpink Creek and its tributaries and discharges water westward, eventually reaching the Delaware River, Delaware Bay, and the Atlantic Ocean.

Mercer Lake was found to be relatively shallow, with a mean depth of 8.9 feet and a maximum depth of 18.5 feet. The total volume of water in the lake was estimated at around 2,560 acre-feet, or 834.2 million gallons. The survey also indicated significant sediment deposition in the eastern portion of the lake, with a total sediment volume of approximately 855,325 cubic yards. This pattern is likely due to the lake's role as a settling area for sediment carried by tributary inflows and stormwater discharges, which transport debris, leaf litter, and other materials into the lake.

Below is an image of the Bathymetric Survey that provides a detailed view of the sediment thickness contours measured in feet throughout Mercer Lake:

By establishing a detailed understanding of Mercer Lake's depth and sediment distribution, the bathymetric survey provides a robust foundation for the comprehensive lake management plan, informing long-term management decisions. The bathymetric data collected is also essential for evaluating the need for dredging, understanding aquatic plant colonization patterns, and predicting the lake's response to incoming nutrients, helping to guide restoration and protection efforts.

Hydrologic and Pollutant Loading Analysis: Understanding the Sources and Impacts of Pollution

Hydrologic and Pollutant Loading Analysis is crucial for identifying the sources and impacts of pollutants entering a waterbody. It involves delineating watersheds, assessing hydrologic data, and evaluating nutrient loads.

For Mercer Lake, Princeton Hydro conducted an extensive analysis using tools such as USGS StreamStats and Stroud Research Center’s Model My Watershed®. This study provided a detailed understanding of the water and pollutant dynamics within the Mercer Lake watershed. The map below offers an aerial view of the watershed, illustrating the various types of land cover present within the area:

Runoff varied considerably between different sub-watersheds due to factors like land cover types, land-use consumption, impervious surfaces, and topography. Variations in elevation change also determine the impact runoff has on soil erosion, with steeper slopes causing higher erosion rates, especially if little vegetation is present. The chart below shows the various types of soil coverage in areas throughout the Mercer Lake watershed:

Princeton Hydro also assessed other pollutant sources, including groundwater seepage, streambank erosion, and contributions from residential septic systems. Additionally, the impact of waterfowl, particularly Canada Goose, was evaluated using nutrient loading coefficients. The presence of these birds significantly contributes to phosphorus and nitrogen levels.

The hydrologic budget, representing the water balance of the lake, was calculated by considering inputs such as direct precipitation, overland runoff, tributary inflow, and groundwater seepage. This data is vital for conducting trophic state analyses and determining the feasibility of various in-lake restoration techniques. Internal loading of phosphorus, which occurs when anoxic conditions in the lake's bottom sediments release bound phosphorus into the water, was also analyzed.

Results of the analysis revealed that Mercer Lake, covering 287.1 acres, is influenced by a watershed area of 20,551.4 acres, predominantly consisting of cropland and forested areas. The lake's shallow nature coupled with significant sediment deposition in the eastern portion, underscores the importance of managing both external and internal nutrient loads.

Understanding the hydrologic and pollutant dynamics through this detailed analysis allows for the development of a lake management plan that helps to prioritize management efforts, target the primary sources of pollution, and effectively address HABs.

Water Quality Monitoring: Ensuring a Healthy Ecosystem

Monitoring water quality is essential for understanding the existing chemistry of a lake, identifying trends, pinpointing problems, and assessing nutrient levels. It provides critical data that informs management decisions and helps maintain the health and stability of aquatic ecosystems.

For Mercer Lake, Princeton Hydro conducted thorough water quality monitoring from 2021 to 2023. This involved analyzing in-situ, discrete, and plankton data collected over three growing seasons. The monitoring focused on various parameters, including hypolimnetic anoxia and associated phosphorus dynamics, which are key contributors to HABs. The data collected offered a current assessment of the lake’s trophic state and plankton community, providing a baseline to document shifts in water quality in response to future management measures.

The Princeton Hydro team performed 13 sampling events at two consistent stations in Mercer Lake: a deep water station near the dam (ML-1) and a mid-lake station (ML-2). Various parameters were monitored, including water temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, specific conductivity, chlorophyll a, and phycocyanin, using an In-Situ AquaTROLL 500 meter.

Water samples were collected at both in-lake stations at the surface (0.5 meters) and near the bottom (0.5 meters above the sediment) using a Van Dorn water sampler. Samples were preserved appropriately and transported to the NJDEP-certified laboratory Environmental Compliance Monitoring (ECM) for analysis. The samples were analyzed for total phosphorus (TP), soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), total dissolved phosphorus (TDP), nitrate-N, nitrite-N, ammonia-N, total suspended solids (TSS), and turbidity. Surface samples were also analyzed for alkalinity, chloride, and hardness.

Additionally, samples were collected for zooplankton and phytoplankton analysis, including species composition, dominant organisms, and relative density. Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) genera were quantified to estimate cell counts, providing an approximate concentration of cyanobacteria cells per milliliter of water. Samples were also analyzed for the cyanotoxin microcystins using the Abraxis field testing methodology.

The team also evaluated local climatic conditions during the 2021 - 2023 seasons compared to the long-term average. These conditions, including temperature and precipitation, can have significant effects on water quality. The combination of increased precipitation and an increase in temperatures sets the stage for HABs proliferation. The charts below the monthly mean temperatures and monthly precipitation from 2021 – 2023 and the 30-year average; ‘normal’ refers to the monthly average over the 30-year period from 1991 – 2020.

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The Water Quality Monitoring analysis revealed several key insights about Mercer Lake's water quality, and indicated that cropland runoff was the most significant source of phosphorus, a key driver of HABs. Hypolimnetic anoxia (the bottom layer of the lake becomes devoid of oxygen) was observed during all three field sampling seasons, contributing to internal phosphorus loading. The water quality monitoring also provided valuable information on the lake’s trophic state and plankton community.

Trophic State Modeling: Assessing Lake Productivity

Trophic State Modeling is a method used to assess the productivity of a lake by measuring the levels of nutrients, such as phosphorus, and the resulting biological activity. This assessment helps determine the lake's overall health and informs management strategies. The Trophic State Index (TSI) is a common tool used in this process, calculating index values based on phosphorus concentrations, chlorophyll a levels, and Secchi depths.

For MCPC, Princeton Hydro, utilizing data collected in the field and through lake and watershed modeling, estimated the nutrient status and biological activity of Mercer Lake. Here are a few examples of the models the team utilized:

The Carlson’s Trophic State Index (TSI): This index assesses the trophic state of lakes by calculating index values based on phosphorus and chlorophyll a concentrations and Secchi depths that relate to each other on a similar scale. The higher these numbers are, the more representative they are of eutrophic conditions. Carlson’s trophic state index (TSI) was calculated for each in-lake sampling event using surface concentrations of TP, Chlorophyll a, and Secchi depths collected during water quality monitoring events throughout the season.
Kirchner and Dillon’s Phosphorus Retention: This metric utilizes the incoming hydraulic load from the watershed, as well as the total area of the waterbody, to estimate what percentage of incoming phosphorus will stay within the waterbody rather than be flushed from the system, providing insights into the lake's capacity to hold nutrients and its likelihood of eutrophic conditions.
Vollenweider Predicted Phosphorus: this model estimates phosphorus concentrations in a lake by considering incoming total phosphorus, hydraulic load, mean depth, and hydraulic residence time. This model helps assess the lake's nutrient status and its suitability for recreational use.

By leveraging these sophisticated models, Princeton Hydro was able to gain a detailed understanding of Mercer Lake's nutrient dynamics and productivity. Many models were run twice: once for the watershed-based phosphorus load and once for the total combined load. This allowed for a comprehensive assessment of both external and internal nutrient contributions.

To mitigate pollutant loading issues, the Lake and Watershed Management plan outlines a series of Best Management Practices (BMPs) recommendations for implementation throughout the watershed, which include bioretention systems, wetland buffers, riparian buffers, and lakefront aquascaping. Such measures are designed to reduce nutrient loads, improve water quality, and enhance the overall ecological health of the lake and its watershed. By addressing the root causes of nutrient loading and implementing targeted management strategies, the MCPC is continuing their commitment to providing a sustainable and enjoyable recreational experience for park users while safeguarding the lake's ecological integrity.

Stay tuned for more updates as we continue to work with the MCPC on implementing the Mercer Lake and Watershed Management Plan, ensuring the watershed remains a vibrant and healthy resource for generations to come.

The Importance of Regional Watershed Planning

Regional watershed planning is crucial for maintaining the health and sustainability of interconnected waterbodies. By considering entire watersheds rather than individual lakes, we can develop more effective and comprehensive strategies to manage water quality, control pollution, and enhance ecological resilience. This holistic approach ensures that all elements within the watershed are addressed, leading to more long-lasting improvements.

Princeton Hydro’s efforts in developing and implementing management plans for Mercer Lake, Curlis Lake, Rosedale Lake, and Spring Lake demonstrate the power of coordinated, science-based planning. By leveraging detailed data and advanced modeling techniques, our team is able to create tailored solutions that meet the specific needs of each lake while contributing to the overall health of the region's aquatic ecosystems.

To read about another project we’re working on in Mercer County, check out our blog about Miry Run Dam Site 21. Through a blend of engineering and ecological enhancements, we are working with MCPC to revitalize 279 acres. With each phase, we edge closer to a vibrant, inclusive space that harmonizes nature and community.

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Nestled at the foot of the Blue Ridge Mountains, Smith Mountain Lake is the largest lake entirely within the Commonwealth of Virginia. Spanning over 20,000 acres with 500 miles of shoreline, the lake's northern and eastern boundary is marked by Bedford County, while Franklin and Pittsylvania counties define its southern and western edges. Created in 1963 by impounding the Roanoke River with the Smith Mountain Dam, the lake serves multiple purposes, including hydroelectric power, public water supply, and recreation.

Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, the area surrounding Smith Mountain Lake was predominantly rural farmland. In the 1980s, however, the lake's natural beauty, recreational appeal, and proximity to Roanoke and Lynchburg began to draw increased attention. This surge in interest sparked a boom in residential and commercial development, transforming Smith Mountain Lake into a vibrant and bustling community.

Today, Smith Mountain Lake not only provides electricity and drinking water, it is also home to 21,000 residents and stands as a premier recreational resource. Thousands flock to Smith Mountain Lake each year to enjoy boating, swimming, fishing, and other water activities. The lake's shores are now dotted with resorts, condominiums, year-round residences, and outdoor industry businesses. The lake's waters and shoreline also provide vital habitats for aquatic plants, animals, birds, and other terrestrial wildlife.

The rapid growth of this pristine lake community underscores the importance of effective environmental management to preserve water quality, strengthen the shoreline, manage stormwater runoff, and protect the local native biodiversity of the lake and its watershed.

Identifying and Addressing Harmful Algal Blooms

The lake is fed by two main tributaries—the Blackwater River and the Roanoke River. The Roanoke River, the larger of the two, drains a watershed that includes the Roanoke Metropolitan area, while the Blackwater River flows through mostly rural and agricultural land.

In 2023, a significant outbreak of harmful algal blooms (HABs) in the Blackwater River subwatershed raised concerns for the Smith Mountain Lake Association (SMLA). These blooms, primarily driven by agricultural runoff, led to swimming advisories and highlighted the need for a comprehensive approach to managing and mitigating these environmental threats.

Recognizing the urgency of the situation, SMLA sought the expertise of Princeton Hydro. The mission: to investigate conditions that cause HABs, protect the lake from future outbreaks, and ensure the long-term health of this vital freshwater resource.

Laying the Groundwork

The project team’s approach began with a thorough review of historical water quality data. Collaborating with SMLA and regulatory bodies including the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality (VDEQ), U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), Princeton Hydro compiled a comprehensive dataset. This historical context was crucial for understanding past trends and informing the 2024 Watershed Assessment. SMLA and Ferrum College contributed over 38 years of data through their Volunteer Water Quality Monitoring Program, documenting crucial indicators such as nutrient levels, bacterial counts, and algal blooms. This extensive dataset has been essential in informing effective lake management practices and shaping strategies to address current environmental challenges.

Employing the MapShed model, the team carried out a comprehensive hydrologic and nutrient loading analysis of the Blackwater River subwatershed. They evaluated critical factors, including phosphorus, nitrogen, and sediment levels, to identify and prioritize areas requiring targeted nutrient and sediment management strategies.

To describe its basic function, the MapShed model applies pollutant loading rates to different land cover types, like low-density development or forested wetlands, based on their area. It then uses weather data, soil characteristics, and slopes to adjust these results. The model simulates daily pollutant loads over 30 years using actual climate records, providing monthly and annual outputs. Users can adjust various inputs, like septic system efficiency and population density, to see how the changes affect pollutant loads and water flow.

This analysis laid the foundation for determining effective, focused interventions to curb nutrient runoff and mitigate future HABs.

Understanding Cyanobacteria Behavior Through Innovative Research

In March 2024, an Overwintering Incubation Study was conducted to understand cyanobacteria behavior. Sediment and water samples were taken from six nearshore locations known for high cyanobacteria counts in Summer 2023. At each site, the team also documented temperature, dissolved oxygen, specific conductivity, pH, chlorophyll-a, phycocyanin (PC), and phycoerythrin (PE).

The map below identifies the locations of each of the six sampling sites:

This map identifies the locations of each of the six sampling sites at Smith Mountain Lake

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For each sample, the lake water was filtered and then incubated with respective sediments to determine the presence and what types of algae may be overwintering. The water and sediment samples were incubated over a period of 15 days at a temperature of approximately 77 degrees Fahrenheit and a light intensity of 2800 lux.

After eight days, the water and sediment samples were removed from the incubator, slightly stirred and then in-situ measurements for PC and PE were collected. These two supplemental pigments are almost exclusively produced by cyanobacteria. While PC is associated with primarily planktonic genera, PE is more associated with benthic genera. Thus, measuring the concentration of these pigments can be used to estimate cyanobacteria biomass as well as provide guidance on the monitoring and management of HABs (planktonic vs. benthic).

After 15 days, the samples were again removed from the incubator, slightly stirred, and then measured for PC and PE to identify and count any overwintering cyanobacteria and determine all the types of algae present.

This study offered critical insights into the conditions that enable cyanobacteria to endure winter and proliferate during warmer months. By understanding the connection between overwintering cyanobacteria and HABs in the lake, we can enhance predictive capabilities and develop more effective management strategies. Two particularly notable findings from the study include:

1. Sediment Composition and Cyanobacteria Growth: Sandier sediments were not conducive to overwintering cyanobacteria, suggesting blooms in these areas likely originate elsewhere in the lake. Conversely, siltier and organic-rich sediments supported cyanobacteria growth, indicating a need for targeted in-lake management measures. 2. Predictive Tools for HABs: Routine measurement of pigments like PC and PE proved effective in estimating cyanobacteria biomass. This information is crucial for long-term monitoring and management, offering predictive tools for HAB events.

Looking Ahead: Holistic Approaches to Tackling HABs

Beyond the initial assessment on the Blackwater River, ongoing monitoring of Smith Mountain Lake’s water quality is crucial for understanding and managing the conditions that trigger HABs. SMLA’s Water Quality Monitoring Program developed and managed by Ferrum College continues the work of tracking the trophic state of the lake. Algal community composition, tributary sampling, and bacterial monitoring are part of this comprehensive 38-year effort. Consistent sampling and water quality monitoring can help identify cyanobacteria and akinetes, the dormant spores that lead to bloom formation.

Because the VDEQ budget historically contains no funding for inland waterway HAB research and response, SMLA actively lobbied the Virginia General Assembly for the allocation of $150,000 for the creation of a watershed study. This request was included in the State budget signed in March of 2024 and the work to develop the objectives and scope of the study is underway now.

Community involvement is also vital for maintaining Smith Mountain Lake as a cherished resource. To this end, SMLA has launched "Dock Watch," a new community science volunteer program designed to monitor HAB activity. Beginning in May of 2024, volunteers have been collecting water samples at select docks around the lake and are examining them to better understand cyanobacteria activity levels and trends. All of the water quality data collected at the lake is from main channel locations. The primary recreational contact with the lake water by residents is at their docks. This data is uploaded to NOAA's Phytoplankton Monitoring Network, contributing to a national database used for HAB research. This collective effort ensures rapid identification and tracking of HAB activity, benefiting both the local community and environmental research on a national level.

“This project exemplifies a holistic approach to lake management and environmental stewardship, integrating historical data, advanced modeling, and community engagement to prioritize and implement innovative strategies that effectively mitigate HABs and protect water quality,” said Chris L. Mikolajczyk, Princeton Hydro’s Senior Manager of Aquatics and Client Manager for Smith Mountain Lake. “This ongoing work highlights the importance of science-based interventions in preserving our precious natural resources.”

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The Smith Mountain Lake Association is a 501(c)3 nonprofit with the mission to keep Smith Mountain Lake clean and safe. Founded in 1969, SMLA is the longest serving advocate for the Smith Mountain Lake community, and its focused efforts help to retain the pristine beauty of the lake and the vibrant local economy. Click here to learn more and get involved.

Over the last two decades, the Princeton Hydro team has improved water quality in hundreds of ponds and lakes, restored many miles of rivers, and enhanced thousands of acres of ecosystems in the Northeast. From species surveys to water quality monitoring, our professionals perform comprehensive assessments in order to understand the landscape. Using tools like ArcGIS, we can map and model the watershed and arrive at holistic solutions for resource management. Our natural resources and lake management experts are complemented by our field team who utilize amphibious vehicles for mechanical invasive species removal, install aeration systems to improve water quality, and conduct natural lake treatments to manage algal blooms. We have secured millions of dollars in grant funding for watershed and ecological restoration projects on behalf of our clients.

Click here to learn about the Watershed Management Program in Somerset County, for which we recently helped secure grant funding from the New Jersey Highlands Water Protection and Planning Council.

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July is Lakes Appreciation Month, an annual celebration dedicated to highlighting the value and wonder of our lakes and reservoirs. Established by the North American Lake Management Society (NALMS) in 1998, this initiative aims to foster a greater appreciation for these vital water bodies and encourage action to safeguard them. Join us this year as we explore three exciting and meaningful ways to engage with, enjoy, and protect our lakes.

1. Explore and Enjoy Your Local Lakes

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Dive into Lakes Appreciation Month by soaking up the beauty of your local lakes. Whether you’re a bird-watching enthusiast, a kayaking adventurer, a fishing fanatic, or a nature lover who enjoys serene walks, getting outdoors for some lakeside enjoyment is the perfect way to show your appreciation for these natural treasures.

While you're out enjoying your community lakes, participate in the NALMS "Show Your Lakes Appreciation" Photo Contest Challenge! Throughout July, share a #lakeselfie or photos of your friends, family and pets, enjoying or working on a lake or reservoir. Post your pictures on Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram with a fun or informative caption, the name of the lake, and the hashtag #LakesAppreciation. Be sure to tag NALMS in your post for a chance to win exciting prizes. The contest runs from July 1st to 31st, with winners announced on August 2nd.

Always remember to respect nature by following Leave No Trace principles, ensuring our lakes stay pristine and beautiful for everyone to enjoy.

2. Dive into Citizen Science: Monitor Your Lake

Monitoring the health of our lakes is essential for preserving their ecological balance and ensuring they remain vibrant, safe, and enjoyable.

You can contribute to this effort by joining the annual Secchi Dip-In, a citizen science project where volunteers across North America measure water clarity using a Secchi disk. This event, organized by NALMS, helps track changes in water quality over time. By participating, you contribute valuable data to support lake conservation efforts. It's simple to get involved: obtain a Secchi disk, measure the transparency of your lake, and submit your findings online. Check out our instruction video for more info:

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In addition to measuring water clarity, keep an eye out for harmful algal blooms (HABs). HABs can produce toxins that negatively impact water quality and aquatic life. To track and report HABs consider using the bloomWatch app, a crowdsourced citizen-science tool that allows you to take photos of possible blooms and submit them through the app, sending the information to relevant state officials for further action. Monitoring and reporting HABs is a crucial step in protecting our lakes.

3. Become a Steward for Your Local Lake

Volunteering for lake cleanups is a rewarding way to contribute to environmental stewardship, protect water quality, and enhance recreational spaces. Gather friends, family, or community members to spend a day picking up trash and debris around your favorite lake. This not only improves the health and beauty of the lake but also fosters a sense of community pride and collective responsibility. Many lake associations and environmental groups host regular cleanup events, so check their calendars or consider starting your own initiative.

For Lake Hopatcong, New Jersey's largest lake, the Lake Hopatcong Foundation, a long-time client partner of Princeton Hydro, offers a "Lake Hopatcong Water Scout" volunteer program. Water Scouts are responsible for identifying and removing instances of the invasive water chestnut species. Volunteers survey their assigned areas at least once between mid-June and mid-July. You can choose your preferred location to volunteer by reviewing the available areas on their website map. Reach out to your local lake association to find similar opportunities for cleanup and lake stewardship activities.

By raising awareness, fostering collaboration, and implementing effective strategies, we can work towards safeguarding the health and sustainability of our freshwater ecosystems. Let's come together this July to celebrate, protect, and cherish our lakes, ensuring they remain healthy and vibrant for future generations. For more ideas on how to celebrate Lakes Appreciation Month and to learn about NALMS, visit their website. For more information on Princeton Hydro's expansive lake and natural resource management services, go here.

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By Dr. Fred Lubnow, Senior Technical Director of Ecological Services

As we reflect on the winter of 2023-2024, it's evident that New Jersey experienced another unusually mild season, mirroring the winter of 2022-2023. Notably, Lake Hopatcong, located in Sussex and Morris Counties, remained virtually ice-free throughout the winter, with only a brief period of minor ice formation in early January. This pattern was not isolated to Lake Hopatcong; many lakes across the state and the broader Mid-Atlantic region exhibited similar ice-free conditions. Such conditions can lead to increased algal and plant growth earlier in the year.

Adding to this, from January to early June 2024, 15 of New Jersey's 21 counties recorded precipitation levels 26% to 50% higher than their long-term averages. The remaining six counties, predominantly in the southern part of the state, had precipitation increases of 11% to 25% above their long-term normals. This heightened precipitation is significant as it can transport nutrients, most notably phosphorus and nitrogen, into water bodies, potentially fueling the growth of algae.

Compounding these factors, long-range climate models and trends suggest that the summer of 2024 could rank among the hottest on record. The combination of a mild winter, increased precipitation, and anticipated high summer temperatures sets the stage for conditions similar to those experienced in 2019, a year marked by widespread harmful algal blooms (HABs) in numerous lakes.

HABs, characterized by rapid overgrowths of cyanobacteria, present serious challenges to water quality and aquatic ecosystems. Cyanobacteria, or blue-green algae, naturally occur in aquatic environments but can proliferate rapidly under warm, nutrient-rich conditions. These blooms pose risks to human health, wildlife, aquatic species, local economies, and the overall ecological balance. The interplay between climate change and HABs is undeniable: rising temperatures and altered precipitation patterns foster conditions that exacerbate bloom occurrences.

Given these circumstances, it is crucial for lake managers and water utilities to adopt proactive measures. Early and consistent sampling efforts can detect cyanobacteria and akinetes, dormant spores that contribute to bloom formation. Additionally, reducing nutrient inputs, particularly phosphorus, into waterways is essential to prevent HABs. Princeton Hydro strongly recommends that lake managers, water utilities, and concerned community members closely monitor their lakes, reservoirs, and riverways to stay as proactive as possible in managing these valuable resources.

By raising awareness, fostering collaboration, and implementing effective strategies, we can work towards safeguarding the health and sustainability of our freshwater ecosystems. Together, we can address the challenges posed by HABs and protect the integrity of our water bodies. For more information about HABs, click here.

Dr. Fred Lubnow, Princeton Hydro’s Senior Technical Director, Ecological Services, is an expert in aquatic and watershed management, restoration ecology, community and ecosystem ecology, and the use of benthic macroinvertebrate and fish in-stream bioassessment protocols. Dr. Lubnow has managed hundreds of lake projects and provides technical expertise for a variety of lake and watershed restoration projects.

His experience in lake and reservoir restoration includes the design and implementation of dredging, aeration, chemical control of nuisance species, nutrient inactivation (i.e. alum) and biomanipulation. His experience in watershed restoration includes the design and implementation of structural Best Management Practices (BMPs), the development of Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) pollutant budgets, and the design, implementation and analysis of watershed-based monitoring programs.

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Did you know that New York State is home to a rich tapestry of natural waterbodies, including over 7,600 freshwater lakes, ponds, and reservoirs? Our team recently journeyed to Lake George, New York, to participate in the 41st annual conference of the New York State Federation of Lake Associations (NYSFOLA).

This year’s conference, themed “It Takes a Community to Protect a Watershed,” brought together environmental experts, lake management professionals, students, recreation enthusiasts, watershed advocates, and lake community members to advance the best available information and techniques for protecting and restoring New York’s watersheds. The two-day program featured a diverse exhibitor hall, networking events, a silent auction, a student poster session and a variety of presentations and workshops that combined science, policy, practical applications, and tangible resources.

Princeton Hydro, a proud sponsor of the conference, led two presentations during the “Climate Resilience and Your Lake" segment of the educational program:

Michael Hartshorne, Director of Aquatics, delivered an insightful presentation titled "Impacts of Climate Change on Lake Ecology," which delved into the significant role of climate change in shaping lake ecosystems. During the session, Michael highlighted key factors such as rising water temperatures, heightened frequency and severity of rainfall, depletion of dissolved oxygen, fluctuating patterns of algal blooms, and the migration of invasive species due to changing latitudinal conditions. His presentation underscored the necessity for evolving approaches to lake management in response to these profound ecological shifts.

[gallery link="none" size="medium" columns="2" ids="14984,14982"] Download the complete presentation now!

Dr. Fred Lubnow, Senior Technical Director of Ecological Services, presented "A Survey of the Ecology of Select Lakes and Ponds in Central Park, NYC," which provided an insightful overview of Princeton Hydro's water quality and ecological monitoring efforts conducted across lakes and ponds of Central Park from 2020 to 2023 for the Central Park Conservancy. These assessments revealed elevated nutrient levels driving planktonic algae, filamentous mat algae and in some cases high densities of aquatic plants, prompting the Central Park Conservancy and Princeton Hydro to collaborate on a tailored Management Plan. Fred’s presentation spotlighted the distinct ecological profiles of key sites, addressed the impact of cyanobacteria on both ecological dynamics and recreational usage, and provided practical management methods and techniques.

[gallery link="none" size="medium" columns="2" ids="14961,14983"] Download the complete presentation now!

Additional educational session topics included, Environmental Justice and New York Lakes, Community Leadership for Healthy Lakes in New York State, and iMap Invasive Species Workshop. Click here to view the complete agenda.

Founded in 1983, NYSFOLA is a not-for-profit coalition of lake associations, individuals, and corporate members dedicated to the protection and restoration of New York lakes. Princeton Hydro is the industry leader in lake restoration and watershed management. We have conducted diagnostic studies and have developed management and restoration plans for over 300+ lakes and watersheds throughout the country. Our long-standing partnership with NYSFOLA as a corporate member, annual conference sponsor, and active participant highlights our unwavering commitment to collaborative initiatives aimed at safeguarding our water resources. To learn more about our lake and natural resource management services and how we're contributing to a healthier environment, click here.

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If you weren’t able to attend the summit live, don’t worry—you can now watch the full recording on the NJDEP YouTube channel:

[embed]https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0qnGIJe0QHE&t=4s[/embed]

More Resources & How to Stay Informed

To learn more about HABs, view educational resources, or report a HAB sighting, visit the NJDEP Division of Water Monitoring and Standards HABs website.

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Posted on April 21, 2025 by Princeton Hydro

Princeton Hydro’s Chris Mikolajczyk Appointed President-Elect of Colorado Lake and Reservoir Management Association Board

Posted on November 12, 2024 by Princeton Hydro

Collaborating for a Sustainable Future & Celebrating Lake Hopatcong Success Stories

Posted on September 16, 2024 by Princeton Hydro

More Resources & How to Stay Informed

Scott Churm Earns EutroSORB® PRO Certification

Matthew Pappas Becomes a Certified Construction Specifier (CCS®)

Preparing Equipment and Safety Gear for a Day in the Field

On the Water: Conducting Water Quality Monitoring in the Field

Exploring Lake Hopatcong: A Case Study in Trout Habitat Monitoring

Building Partnerships for a Thriving Lake

Looking Ahead

Showcasing Success at the New Jersey Highlands Council 20th Anniversary Event

Lake Hopatcong Success Stories Funded by the New Jersey Highlands Council

Upper Musconetcong Watershed Implementation Plan (WIP): $109,000 to LHC

Restoration Plan for Memorial Beach and Park in the Borough of Mount Arlington: $60,000 to Borough of Mount Arlington

Preliminary Feasibility Assessment & Data Collection for Beneficial Reuse of Sediment in Landing Channel: $47,650 to Roxbury Township

Feasibility Study Update for Sewering Jefferson Township Section of Lake Hopatcong Watershed: $100,000 to Jefferson Township

Design of a Bank Stabilization and Planting Project along the Musconetcong River: $89,500 to Roxbury Township

Oxygenation Feasibility Study: $80,300 to Morris County

Design of a Regenerative Stormwater Conveyance System for Witten Park: $54,000 to Borough of Hopatcong

Three Year Trout Habitat Study at Lake Hopatcong: $130,000 to Jefferson Township

Revitalization of Two Stormwater Basins in Roxbury Township: $98,100 to Roxbury Township

Development of Plans for Catch Basins at Shore Hills Beach Club: $42,500 to Morris County

What is a Bathymetric Assessment?

The Fairplay Beach Reservoir: A Jewel in the Rockies

The Survey: Unveiling the Depths

Looking Ahead

Expanding the Initiative Across Mercer County

Historical Data Review: Laying the Foundation for Informed Management

Bathymetric Survey: Mapping Mercer Lake's Depths and Sediments

Hydrologic and Pollutant Loading Analysis: Understanding the Sources and Impacts of Pollution

Water Quality Monitoring: Ensuring a Healthy Ecosystem

Trophic State Modeling: Assessing Lake Productivity

The Importance of Regional Watershed Planning

Identifying and Addressing Harmful Algal Blooms

Laying the Groundwork

Understanding Cyanobacteria Behavior Through Innovative Research

Looking Ahead: Holistic Approaches to Tackling HABs

1. Explore and Enjoy Your Local Lakes

2. Dive into Citizen Science: Monitor Your Lake

3. Become a Steward for Your Local Lake

By Dr. Fred Lubnow, Senior Technical Director of Ecological Services

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