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Excess phosphorus and nitrogen can rapidly degrade ecological conditions, limit recreational use, impact sources of potable water, and increase management costs, often despite the implementation of conventional best management practices. As a result, there is growing interest in tools that can complement or augment existing approaches and address nutrients in more targeted ways. Biochar has emerged as one such tool. While it is best known as a soil amendment, its physical, chemical, and biological properties have prompted increasing use in aquatic systems as a means of improving water quality. Over the past five years, Princeton Hydro has applied biochar in a range of lakes, ponds, streams, and stormwater-related settings across Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York. These field applications, supported by monitoring, have provided important insight into when biochar is most effective, where its limitations lie, and why observed improvements in water quality are not always explained by phosphorus removal alone. [gallery link="none" size="medium" ids="9215,19122,9225"] What Is Biochar and Why Use It in Waterbodies? Biochar is a carbon-rich, charcoal-like material produced through pyrolysis, a process in which organic biomass is heated in a low-oxygen environment. The resulting material has a highly porous structure and extensive surface area, properties that make it effective at adsorbing nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen (Joseph et al., 2021). Because excess nutrients are a primary driver of eutrophication and HABs, biochar has emerged as a promising amendment for aquatic systems and stormwater best management practices (BMPs). In aquatic applications, biochar is typically installed in permeable sleeves (aka socks) or incorporated into stormwater treatment practices to intercept nutrient-rich water before it enters lakes or ponds. Used biochar can also be repurposed as a soil amendment, adding to its appeal as a sustainable, circular material. [gallery link="none" columns="2" size="medium" ids="19134,9226"] Aquatic Ecologist Katie Walston-Frederick (right) leads a biochar sleeve filling session. Katie and her team members wear full protective equipment when handling biochar due to the fine, carbon-based nature of the material. Lessons Learned from Five Years of Field Applications Through approximately half a dozen monitored projects implemented since 2020, several consistent patterns have emerged. Standing Waters Show the Strongest Response: Biochar has proven most effective in low-flow or standing water environments such as ponds and stormwater basins. In these systems, Princeton Hydro has documented total phosphorus (TP) removal rates as high as 80%, with soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) reductions approaching 97% in some stormwater ponds (Princeton Hydro, Lake Hopatcong Report, 2022). The extended contact time between water and biochar in these settings appears to be a key driver of performance. Flow and Contact Time Matter: In streams and fast-moving stormwater infrastructure, nutrient removal rates tend to be lower, with phosphorus reductions typically closer to 50%. While still meaningful, these reduced efficiencies are largely attributable to limited contact time. Simply put, the shorter the interaction between water and biochar, the fewer opportunities there are for adsorption and other removal processes to occur. Enhancement to Conventional Stormwater BMPs: Biochar can be particularly effective when paired with stormwater BMPs that primarily rely on sedimentation. Traditional practices often excel at removing particulate-bound phosphorus but are less effective at capturing dissolved forms of phosphorus—the fraction most readily utilized by algae. Incorporating biochar into these systems can enhance removal of dissolved phosphorus, improving overall treatment performance. Streams Present Physical Challenges: Installing biochar in stream environments presents practical challenges. Even with careful anchoring, large storm events, including remnants of hurricanes, can dislodge biochar sleeves, transporting them downstream or onto streambanks. These risks must be considered during design and often limit the suitability of biochar for higher energy systems. Chemistry Alone Does Not Tell the Whole Story: At very high pH levels, phosphorus adsorption onto biochar can become less predictable, sometimes exhibiting a “decoupling” between measured phosphorus sorption and observed water quality improvements. Monitoring data from multiple projects indicate that reductions in chlorophyll-a, cyanobacteria abundance, and overall bloom severity cannot always be explained by phosphorus removal alone. Beyond Adsorption: The Role of Biology The disconnect between measured nutrient sorption and improved water quality suggests that additional mechanisms are at work. Increasingly, evidence points toward biological processes occurring within and around biochar installations. Biochar is known to favor the growth and proliferation of heterotrophic bacteria (Moore et al., 2023). These microbial communities may contribute to water quality improvements in the following ways:
Nutrient-driven water quality impairments, particularly harmful algal blooms (HABs), continue to challenge lake managers, municipalities, and watershed organizations across the Northeast. Excess phosphorus and nitrogen can rapidly degrade ecological conditions, limit recreational use, impact sources of potable water, and increase management costs, often despite the implementation of conventional best management practices. As a result, there is growing interest in tools that can complement or augment existing approaches and address nutrients in more targeted ways.
Biochar has emerged as one such tool. While it is best known as a soil amendment, its physical, chemical, and biological properties have prompted increasing use in aquatic systems as a means of improving water quality. Over the past five years, Princeton Hydro has applied biochar in a range of lakes, ponds, streams, and stormwater-related settings across Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York. These field applications, supported by monitoring, have provided important insight into when biochar is most effective, where its limitations lie, and why observed improvements in water quality are not always explained by phosphorus removal alone.
Biochar is a carbon-rich, charcoal-like material produced through pyrolysis, a process in which organic biomass is heated in a low-oxygen environment. The resulting material has a highly porous structure and extensive surface area, properties that make it effective at adsorbing nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen (Joseph et al., 2021). Because excess nutrients are a primary driver of eutrophication and HABs, biochar has emerged as a promising amendment for aquatic systems and stormwater best management practices (BMPs).
In aquatic applications, biochar is typically installed in permeable sleeves (aka socks) or incorporated into stormwater treatment practices to intercept nutrient-rich water before it enters lakes or ponds. Used biochar can also be repurposed as a soil amendment, adding to its appeal as a sustainable, circular material.
Through approximately half a dozen monitored projects implemented since 2020, several consistent patterns have emerged.
Standing Waters Show the Strongest Response: Biochar has proven most effective in low-flow or standing water environments such as ponds and stormwater basins. In these systems, Princeton Hydro has documented total phosphorus (TP) removal rates as high as 80%, with soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) reductions approaching 97% in some stormwater ponds (Princeton Hydro, Lake Hopatcong Report, 2022). The extended contact time between water and biochar in these settings appears to be a key driver of performance.
Flow and Contact Time Matter: In streams and fast-moving stormwater infrastructure, nutrient removal rates tend to be lower, with phosphorus reductions typically closer to 50%. While still meaningful, these reduced efficiencies are largely attributable to limited contact time. Simply put, the shorter the interaction between water and biochar, the fewer opportunities there are for adsorption and other removal processes to occur.
Enhancement to Conventional Stormwater BMPs: Biochar can be particularly effective when paired with stormwater BMPs that primarily rely on sedimentation. Traditional practices often excel at removing particulate-bound phosphorus but are less effective at capturing dissolved forms of phosphorus—the fraction most readily utilized by algae. Incorporating biochar into these systems can enhance removal of dissolved phosphorus, improving overall treatment performance.
Streams Present Physical Challenges: Installing biochar in stream environments presents practical challenges. Even with careful anchoring, large storm events, including remnants of hurricanes, can dislodge biochar sleeves, transporting them downstream or onto streambanks. These risks must be considered during design and often limit the suitability of biochar for higher energy systems.
Chemistry Alone Does Not Tell the Whole Story: At very high pH levels, phosphorus adsorption onto biochar can become less predictable, sometimes exhibiting a “decoupling” between measured phosphorus sorption and observed water quality improvements. Monitoring data from multiple projects indicate that reductions in chlorophyll-a, cyanobacteria abundance, and overall bloom severity cannot always be explained by phosphorus removal alone.
The disconnect between measured nutrient sorption and improved water quality suggests that additional mechanisms are at work. Increasingly, evidence points toward biological processes occurring within and around biochar installations.
Biochar is known to favor the growth and proliferation of heterotrophic bacteria (Moore et al., 2023). These microbial communities may contribute to water quality improvements in the following ways:
This emerging science mirrors what Princeton Hydro has observed in the field: water quality can improve in ways that chemical measurements alone do not fully explain, suggesting that biological processes may be playing an important supporting role.
Since 2020, Princeton Hydro has applied biochar across a range of aquatic and stormwater settings, tailoring each installation to site-specific conditions and management goals. Together, these projects demonstrate biochar’s versatility and its ability to integrate into holistic watershed and lake management strategies, often working best when paired with other nature-based and engineered solutions.
At Duke Farms, a 2,700-acre estate in New Jersey, Princeton Hydro has supported lake and wetland management efforts for more than two decades. Biochar was recently introduced as an additional tool within an established, science-based nutrient management program. By placing biochar in low-flow areas where contact time could be maximized, phosphorus removal was enhanced and improvements in water clarity were observed. This effort highlights how biochar can be layered into long-term management strategies alongside floating wetland islands and other nature-based solutions.
Harvey’s Lake, the largest natural lake in Pennsylvania, has long faced challenges associated with nutrient loading and recurring HABs. As part of a broader stormwater management effort, Princeton Hydro incorporated biochar into select stormwater BMPs to reduce phosphorus before it entered the lake. Installed within targeted stormwater conveyance and treatment features, the biochar helped achieve measurable reductions in dissolved phosphorus, complementing other watershed-scale measures such as vegetated buffers and wetland enhancements. The spent biochar, having captured phosphorus and nitrogen from runoff, was then repurposed as a soil amendment to enrich a 500-square-foot pollinator garden. This repurposing effort served a dual purpose: demonstrating a closed-loop approach to managing excess nutrients while also creating a community-oriented space that supports local biodiversity.
Across multiple stormwater projects in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, biochar has been installed in detention basins, rain gardens, and other stormwater treatment devices. These applications were designed to target dissolved phosphorus, a nutrient form that conventional BMPs can struggle to remove. In several cases, biochar was paired with other nutrient control measures such as floating wetland islands to further improve nutrient capture. Collectively, these projects illustrate how biochar can be adapted and scaled to address local water quality challenges across diverse settings.
At Lake Hopatcong, New Jersey’s largest lake, biochar was deployed as part of a comprehensive, multi-pronged strategy to reduce nutrient concentrations and mitigate HABs. Biochar was installed in permeable flotation bags and placed at targeted shoreline and inlet locations where nutrient loading is most pronounced, including several stormwater inlets and outlets around the lake. Funded through the NJDEP Freshwater HABs Prevention & Management Grant Program and implemented in partnership with the Lake Hopatcong Commission and the Lake Hopatcong Foundation, these installations complemented other in-lake management measures such as floating wetland islands.
In Manhattan's Central Park, Princeton Hydro supported the Central Park Conservancy in developing and implementing a long-term management strategy for the park's network of lakes and ponds, where harmful algal blooms driven by excess nutrients were a persistent concern. As part of a broader, phased approach to improve water quality, biochar was incorporated as a nutrient reduction tool and will be incorporated alongside other measures such as floating wetland islands, aeration and circulation, and stormwater treatment techniques. Used in targeted locations, biochar helped support efforts to reduce nutrient loading and mitigate cyanobacteria blooms within these highly visible urban waterbodies.
Across these projects, biochar installations have been associated with measurable reductions in total and dissolved phosphorus, decreases in chlorophyll‑a concentrations, and lower cyanobacteria cell counts. While performance has varied by site, the strongest and most consistent results have occurred in enclosed or low‑flow environments where contact time is maximized and physical disturbance is minimized. When thoughtfully designed and integrated with other BMPs, these case studies show how biochar can contribute meaningfully to broader efforts to reduce nutrient loads and improve overall water quality.
Biochar is not a one-size-fits-all solution. Reviewing site-specific water quality data is essential to determine whether biochar is an appropriate standalone treatment or should be combined with complementary approaches. Ongoing and future research is focused on better quantifying the relative contributions of chemical adsorption and biological activity associated with biochar. Current studies, including collaborative efforts with academic partners, aim to document pollutant removal capacity, characterize microbial communities, and evaluate biochar’s potential role in degrading cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins. As these processes continue to be studied and further understood in the water quality context, biochar may become an increasingly valuable component of integrated, science-based watershed management strategies.
Dr. Fred Lubnow, Princeton Hydro's Senior Technical Director of Ecological Services, and Jenn Rogers, Executive Director of Friends of Hopewell Valley Open Space (FoHVOS), were recently featured on the Native Plants, Healthy Planet podcast to discuss the collaborative, first‑of‑its‑kind initiative to monitor Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) in the Delaware River Watershed using drones, spatial analysis, and community science.
The Delaware River is a lifeline for more than 14 million people, a refuge for wildlife, and a defining natural feature of the region. In recent years, HABs, once confined mostly to lakes and ponds, have expanded into streams and rivers and appearing in colder months. Understanding why this shift is happening, and how to predict it, is essential for protecting water quality, public health, and ecological resilience within the Delaware River watershed and watersheds nationwide.
The podcast, hosted by Fran Chismar and Tom Knezick of Pinelands Nursey, highlights the urgency of addressing HABs and the innovative, cross‑sector partnership driving this work forward. Listen now: Harmful Algal Blooms with Dr. Fred Lubnow and Jenn Rogers.
Jenn Rogers, Executive Director of FoHVOS, brings two decades of conservation leadership to the partnership. Her background spans naturalist education, ecological stewardship, and the development of large-scale restoration and public engagement programs. During her fourteen years with the Mercer County Park Commission, she helped establish both the Environmental Education and Stewardship Departments and oversaw the care of more than ten thousand acres of parkland.
Jenn has spent her career building programs that connect people to the landscapes around them. Her commitment to community-driven conservation make her a key partner in a project that relies on both scientific rigor and public participation. Her perspective highlights how land use, watershed health, and community stewardship are deeply interconnected.
Dr. Fred Lubnow serves as Princeton Hydro’s Senior Technical Director of Ecological Services and brings more than 30 years of experience in limnology, watershed restoration, and community and ecosystem ecology. His career has focused on understanding how freshwater systems respond to nutrient loading, hydrologic change, and long-term environmental pressures. He has designed and led numerous lake and watershed restoration projects, developed USEPA Nine-Element and TMDL-driven watershed plans, and created field-based cyanobacteria and cyanotoxin monitoring programs that are now used across the region.
Fred’s expertise in the taxonomy, ecology, and management of algae, particularly cyanobacteria, has made him a leading voice in the study of HABs. He currently serves on New Jersey’s HABs Advisory Team, where he helps interpret water quality data and advises on mitigation strategies. His scientific leadership guides the technical design and implementation of the Delaware River HAB monitoring initiative.
Now entering its second year, the Delaware River HAB monitoring initiative is expanding both its scientific scope and its community engagement efforts. Building on the foundation established in 2025, the project team is conducting multi‑season drone flights, enhanced satellite‑based surveys, and targeted on‑the‑water sampling along 73 miles of the Delaware River and 24 connected waterbodies. These efforts are designed to strengthen the project’s ability to detect and forecast HABs under a wide range of seasonal and environmental conditions.
Year two also introduces several tools and activities intended to support broader participation and more efficient data collection. This includes the launch of a new ArcSurvey123 mobile data platform to support real‑time volunteer water quality submissions, as well as expanded training opportunities for community members interested in assisting with field sampling. Data collected through these efforts will contribute to the development of advanced algorithms capable of forecasting HAB occurrence at multiple spatial scales.
Funded by the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation's (NFWF) Delaware Watershed Conservation Fund (DWCF), in partnership with U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, the project continues to be supported by a diverse network of partners across New Jersey and Pennsylvania, including The City University of New York's (CUNY) New York City College of Technology (City Tech), Trenton Water Works, Mercer County Park Commission, The College of New Jersey, Aqua-PA, Philadelphia Water Department, Bucks County Conservation District, Turner Designs, and US Army Corps of Engineers - Philadelphia District's Blue Marsh Lake. Together, these organizations contribute technical expertise, watershed knowledge, and crucial on‑the‑ground support. This collaborative approach remains central to the initiative’s success and long‑term objective: establishing a scalable HAB‑forecasting framework that can ultimately be applied to additional watersheds across the United States.
For a deeper look at the research, partnerships, and shared commitment behind this initiative, listen to the full Native Plants, Healthy Planet podcast presented by Pinelands Nursery. Click here to learn more about the Pinelands Nursery and explore the full library of Native Plants, Healthy Planet podcasts. If you're interested in getting involved in the Delaware River HAB research initiative, the program is currently seeking volunteers for water sampling along the Delaware and select waterbodies. Contact FoHVOS Conservation Biologist Kaitlin Muccio at: kmuccio@fohvos.org for more details.
Spring is stirring! As the season of renewal approaches, the Princeton Hydro team is gearing up for a fresh lineup of conferences, community programs, and environmental stewardship events. In this Spring Events Spotlight, we highlight what’s ahead and share how you can get involved.
New Jersey Coastal Resilience Collaborative (NJCRC) and Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP) are hosting the 2026 New Jersey Coastal & Climate Resilience Conference from Monday, March 9, through Wednesday, March 11, at the Seaview Hotel in Galloway, NJ. With a theme of “Navigating Changing Tides,” The three-day event, themed "Navigating Changing Tides," brings together hundreds of coastal and climate resilience professionals to gather, learn, collaborate and celebrate.
Princeton Hydro is a proud conference sponsor and leading a full line-up of conference events:
We are proud to sponsor and excited to attend the Farmington River Watershed Association's Wild & Scenic Film Festival on Friday, March 20 from 7-9 PM at Miss Porter's School Hacker Theater. This 8th Annual Wild & Scenic Film Festival is a celebration of our river that will include 11 visually stunning films focused on a variety of interesting, engaging and inspiring topics, including Flora, Fauna, and Funga from Southern Chile; the restoration of the Klamath River, the largest river restoration effort in history; and a feature on the Farmington River Coordinating Committee's River Stewards! Participants will also enjoy lots of delicious snacks and fun raffle prizes from Ski Sundown, Hartford Yard Goats, Haworth's Flower and Gifts, Thule, Dick's Sporting Goods, Brewery Legitimus, Pia Sjolin Design, CT River cruise, Yoga Lessons, Collinsville Canoe & Kayak. The purchase of your $25 ticket includes access to the full program as Video-on-Demand so you can watch from home between March 20-26.
We recently partnered with FRWA and Miss Porter's School for the removal of the Winchell-Smith Dam, which reconnects 30 miles of critical upstream habitat on the Farmington River. Click here to read more about that project.
Presented by the Delaware Riverkeeper Network, the 2026 Watershed Congress takes place in-person at Alvernia University in Reading, PA from 8:30am through 3:30pm. The Watershed Congress has evolved since 1998 to advance the best available information and techniques for protecting and restoring watersheds. The focus on networking across disciplines means that the Watershed Congress melds science, policy, and practical applications into one program. As a result, the annual Watershed Congress is a highly anticipated event for people interested in understanding, protecting, and restoring their local streams. Princeton Hydro, an event sponsor, is proud to share that our Director of Restoration & Resilience Christiana Pollack, CERP, CFM, GISP, is giving the keynote address along with Lamar Gore, Refuge Manager of John Heinz National Wildlife Refuge at Tinicum and Kim Hachadoorian, Urban Conservation Project Manager for The Nature Conservancy. Their presentation is titled, "Resilience Rooted in Place: Partnering with Communities to Address Flooding Through Nature-Based Solutions, and Why “With Community” Needs to be Foundational."
Additionally, our team members are leading two educational sessions:
The Wayne Conservation District, in partnership with the Lake Alden Watershed Association is hosting a free seminar focused on aquatic invasive species. The program is funded through a PA Lake Management Society Mini Grant awarded to Lake Alden Watershed Association. This free, community event will take place Saturday, April 11 from 10am - Noon at the Park Street Complex located at 648 Park Street, Honesdale, PA 18431. Participants will hear from Pennsylvania Sea Grant and Princeton Hydro's Senior Director of Field Services Scott Churm who will discuss effective strategies for preventing the spread of invasive species and current treatment methodologies. Attendees will also have the opportunity to explore an interactive Harmful Algal Bloom (HABs) display. Whether you're a lake community resident, an outdoor recreation enthusiast, or simply interested in protecting local waterways, this event offers valuable insight you won't want to miss. The seminar is free, but registration is requested.
Presented by the Friends of Hopewell Valley Open Space, the New Jersey Invasive Species Strike Team Conference is considered the most comprehensive state-wide forum on invasive species. This year's conference, being hosted at the Boathouse at Mercer Lake, encompasses insights from both academic research and field experience, and features practical demonstrations by land stewards in addition to formal presentations. Princeton Hydro is sponsoring the conference and exhibiting. Our Director of Field Services Scott Churm along with Dr. Emile DeVito of NJ Conservation Foundation are presenting on efforts to eradicate the invasive silty pond mussel from New Jersey waterways. Over 200 people are expected to attend. We hope to see you there!
NJDEP is hosting the 7th Annual Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) Summit, "From Plans to Progress: Taking Action for Healthy Waterways," a free virtual event from 9:00 AM to 4:00 PM that brings together experts and stakeholders to discuss HAB drivers, impacts, current research, and management strategies. This Summit is part of a statewide effort launched in 2019 after widespread HAB outbreaks led to beach closures and health advisories across New Jersey, prompting a $13 million investment in local prevention and mitigation projects, the formation of a statewide HAB Expert Team, which includes Princeton Hydro’s Senior Technical Director of Ecological Services Dr. Fred Lubnow, and the creation of annual summits to support ongoing education and collaboration.
The Colorado Lake and Reservoir Management Association (CLRMA) is pleased to announce its 2026 Spring Conference, to be held at Pelican Bay Marina at Cherry Creek State Park. CLRMA brings together engaged citizens and water resource professionals who share a commitment to protecting, managing, and enjoying Colorado’s lakes and reservoirs. The 2026 Spring Conference will focus on this year’s theme, Resilient Reservoirs: Adapting Water Management to Climate and Drought, highlighting practical strategies, emerging research, and adaptive approaches to water management in the face of changing environmental conditions. The full conference agenda will be released soon. Lunch will be provided for all registered attendees, and park admission is included with registration.
Join SAME NJ Post for the sixth annual Coastal Resilience in NJ conference, a full-day program focused on innovative strategies, proactive planning, and implementation solutions for storm risk management and coastal restoration across New Jersey. This year’s program brings together leaders from government agencies, academia, nonprofits, and industry to explore real-world projects and collaborative approaches addressing increased storm intensity and coastal flooding. Featured speakers include representatives from NJDEP, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, and regional universities. Attendees will gain insight into active restoration initiatives, barrier island planning efforts, and student-led research shaping the future of coastal resilience in the region. Continuing education credits are available. The day concludes with a networking happy hour featuring a complimentary oyster bar from the Barnegat Oyster Collective, along with wine, beer, and non-alcoholic beverages.
Our team is looking forward to the 11th Annual George Stafford Highlands Golf Classic at the Hawk Pointe Golf Club, benefiting the New Jersey Highlands Coalition and honoring the legacy of longtime staff member George Stafford. Join us for a beautiful day on the green featuring 18 holes of golf, great food including our tradition of Empanadas on the Green, networking, and the presentation of the Highlands Lifetime Achievement Award, all in support of protecting the New Jersey Highlands. Princeton Hydro is proud to be a Hole Sponsor and excited to participate in the golf tournament! Princeton Hydro and the NJ Highlands Coalition have been working together for over a decade on regulatory compliance reviews, environmental impact analyses, and stormwater management projects throughout the region.
Princeton Hydro is a proud sponsor of the Hackensack River Nation Summit 2026 hosted by Northern New Jersey Community Foundation. This one-day event, held at Fairleigh Dickson University from 8:30am to 3:30pm, has become one of North Jersey's largest gathering of river conservation experts. Join environmental experts, community leaders, public officials, and others working to protect the health of the Hackensack River Watershed and connect more people to the Hackensack River. Keynote speaker Captain Bill Sheehan of Hackensack Riverkeeper will kick off a day packed with workshops, networking events, and breakout sessions, including "Getting a Stormwater Utility in Your Community," which is moderated by Director of Marketing & Communications Dana Patterson Grear.
Lake advocates, environmental professionals, researchers, and community leaders will gather for the 44th Annual New York State Federation of Lake Associations (NYSFOLA) Conference at the Fort William Henry Hotel and Conference Center overlooking beautiful Lake George. Participants from across the region will explore longstanding lake and watershed challenges through the lens of innovation, collaboration, and science. This year’s theme, “Shared Lakes: Shared Responsibilities,” will guide conversations focused on strengthening stewardship and advancing collective solutions for New York’s lakes. The two-day program will feature a robust lineup of educational sessions, workshops, an exhibitor hall, and networking opportunities. Our team members are leading a variety of workshops:
Princeton Hydro is a conference sponsor, a long-time member of NYSFOLA, and looking forward to participating in this year's event!
Princeton Hydro is proud to sponsor the 2026 New Jersey Land Trust Summit, taking place May 15 at the Johnson Education Center in Princeton, NJ. This gathering offers a dynamic forum for land trust staff, volunteers, board members, and conservation partners to explore emerging trends in land protection, strengthen practical skills, and collaborate on strategies that advance New Jersey’s conservation goals. Attendees will also have opportunities to visit exemplary restoration and land‑preservation projects that highlight the impact of coordinated stewardship across the state. Hosted by the Land Trust Alliance, an organization dedicated to empowering land trusts nationwide to protect the places people rely on and cherish, the Summit welcomes anyone engaged in land conservation in New Jersey. Registration opens March 16.
Princeton Hydro participated The Delaware Wetlands Conference at the Chase Center on the Riverfront in Wilmington, which drew more than 425 attendees, featured 75 presentations and poster displays, and hosted 45 exhibitor and sponsor tables. The two-day gathering offered a robust mix of workshops, poster sessions, networking events, lunch-and-learn opportunities, an exhibitor hall, and plenary sessions, with professional credits available for participants. The agenda spanned a wide range of timely and technical topics, including soil science, climate adaptation, assessment and monitoring, and wetland restoration and creation. Princeton Hydro sponsored the event, exhibited, and led two workshops: Environmental Scientist Ivy Rose, PWS presented “Third River Urban Park and Habitat Creation Project – Brownfield Turned Wetland Sanctuary." And, Director of Restoration and Resilience Christiana Pollack, CERP, CFM, GISP presented “Urban Flood and Habitat Resilience in the Lower Darby Creek Watershed.”
PALMS hosted its 36th Annual Conference at the Wyndham Garden State College. Attendees engaged in a diverse lineup of professional presentations, workshops, and panel discussions highlighting the latest findings and innovative approaches related to invasive species, monitoring strategies, best management practices, pollutants, and harmful algal blooms. The conference offered a valuable forum for lake managers, researchers, consultants, and environmental professionals to exchange knowledge and advance effective lake and watershed stewardship across Pennsylvania. Princeton Hydro sponsored the event and two of our team members led workshops: Senior Technical Director of Ecological Services Dr. Fred Lubnow presented “A Review of the Use of Biochar for Lake and Watershed Management” and Project Manager – Aquatics and Environmental Scientist Pat Rose presented “The Evaluation of Innovative Treatment Strategies to Proactively and Reactively Control Near-Shore HABS.” Fred also participated in an “Ask the Experts” panel.
Municipal ordinances, when thoughtfully drafted and effectively implemented, are among the most powerful tools for protecting watersheds, managing stormwater, preserving forests and wetlands, and reducing flood risk. While the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP) provides baseline regulatory standards, these requirements function only as minimum thresholds. Under New Jersey’s home rule framework and the Municipal Land Use Law (MLUL), municipalities have broad authority to shape development patterns and use zoning, environmental ordinances, and master planning to adopt standards aligned with their community’s environmental constraints and development demands.
How municipalities put this authority into practice framed a recent webinar hosted by The Watershed Institute: “Municipal Ordinances: Key to Environmental Protection.”
Moderated by Michael Pisauro, Esq., Policy Director for The Watershed Institute, the webinar brought together three experienced practitioners to explore how municipalities can leverage local ordinances to strengthen environmental protection and community resilience:
Each presenter approached the issue from a different, complementary lens: science, land use law, and regulatory practice.
Mark began the webinar with an overview of New Jersey’s natural green infrastructure (forests, floodplains, riparian corridors, wetlands, and meadows) and its role in supporting stormwater management. Engineered systems are most effective when the surrounding natural landscapes can absorb, slow, and filter runoff. He stressed that municipalities shape the fate of these natural systems through their zoning and development decisions, making local ordinances essential to watershed health.
Mark examined how decades of land alteration, including stream channelization and straightening, impervious surface expansion, and floodplain encroachment, have dramatically changed stream systems across the state. As runoff volume increases, so does the frequency and duration of bankfull flows, which widen channels, erode banks, and transport sediment. A key indicator of watershed imbalance is floodplain disconnection: in healthy systems, streams access their floodplains during frequent storm events, dissipating energy and reducing downstream impacts. In many developed watersheds, streams remain confined within incised channels except during major storms, worsening erosion and downstream flooding.
Mark directly connected these environmental realities to municipal decision-making. Municipal ordinances play a critical role in maintaining and restoring the natural systems that support stormwater management, water quality, and community resilience. Municipalities can shape new development and use redevelopment projects as opportunities to repair historic environmental damage.
He highlighted municipal tools that strengthen watershed function, including well-crafted stream corridor ordinances, updated Environmental Resource Inventories (ERIs), master plan policies that prioritize open space preservation, and watershed improvement strategies that integrate ecological restoration with engineered BMPs.
Michele centered her presentation on a key message: the legal tools are already there for municipalities to guide growth responsibly, but they must be applied proactively and with precision.
She addressed a common assumption heard at planning board hearings: “If it’s zoned for it, it must be appropriate.” That assumption, she explained, is not always grounded in environmental analysis. Zoning districts set permitted uses and density ranges, but often without carefully accounting for wetlands, floodplains, sensitive habit, or limited infrastructure capacity.
For years, municipalities operated under the belief that the MLUL’s uniformity clause required identical development yield across parcels within a zone. However, the New Jersey Supreme Court's decision in "Rumson Estates, Inc v. Mayor Council of Borough of Fair Haven" (2003) clarified that municipalities may calibrate density based on the physical characteristics of a property. Environmentally constrained parcels don't need to support the same development intensity as unconstrained sites.
Michele also emphasized the importance of updating land-use definitions. Outdated definitions can inadvertently allow impacts far beyond what the original ordinance intended. Warehouse standards are a clear example: many were written decades ago and don't account for today's 24/7 high‑cube logistics operations with heavy truck traffic. She noted that timing of these updates is also critical. Under the MLUL’s “time of application” rule, existing zoning is locked-in once an application is filed, meaning municipalities must revise their ordinances before developers submit proposals.
Master plans also play a critical role. A well-designed plan evaluates full build-out potential, accounts for infrastructure and resource limitations, and directs growth away from sensitive areas. She urged municipalities to anticipate emerging high‑impact uses, such as data centers, and set appropriate standards in advance.
Michael G. Sinkevich outlined the legal framework that empowers municipalities to regulate environmental impacts and enforce local standards. He demonstrated how federal law, state regulations, and municipal authority intersect, especially in zoning and stormwater management, to create a strong foundation for local environmental protection.
Municipal authority to adopt environmental protections comes from two main sources: First is the zoning power granted under the MLUL, which allows towns to guide development in ways that protect public health, safety, and welfare. The MLUL also outlines what zoning ordinances may regulate, such as building density. The second source is municipal "police power," which permits towns to adopt environmental regulations, as long as they're consistent with state law, when needed to protect people, property, and general welfare. Together, these authorities give municipalities flexibility to craft and enforce environmental safeguards.
He highlighted tree protection ordinances as a clear example of validated municipal authority: In "New Jersey Shore Builders Association v. Township of Jackson" (2009), the New Jersey Supreme Court upheld Jackson Township’s ordinance that required developers to replace removed trees or pay into a dedicated planting fund, formally recognizing the critical role trees play in stormwater management and climate resilience.
Michael also reviewed MS4 permit requirements, which obligate municipalities to manage stormwater across public and private development. Beyond the permit itself, he emphasized that municipal land use boards have an independent responsibility to ensure compliance with state stormwater rules and cannot simply defer to NJDEP. To support municipalities in meeting these obligations, he highlighted several useful resources, including The Watershed Institute, New Jersey Future, Sustainable Jersey, ANJEC, and NJDEP.
Whether you serve on a governing body, land use board, or environmental commission, or work as an engineer, planner, or attorney, the full webinar offers practical insight into how local ordinances shape environmental outcomes. Community members and neighborhood advocates will also find the discussion clear, accessible, and directly relevant to how development decisions affect their town.
Watch the full webinar here:
The Watershed Institute regularly hosts workshops on stormwater management, watershed protection, and climate resilience. Click here to explore their extensive library of recorded webinars and sign-up for the next one.
On February 12, Princeton Hydro Senior Wildlife Biologist Mike McGraw, CSE, QAWB, ACE joined Bird Town Pennsylvania for a virtual Zoom workshop titled “A Wholistic Approach to Managing Residential and Park Scale Habitats for Rare and Common Bird Species.” The talk brought together ecological science, practical land‑stewardship guidance, and a powerful call to reimagine how communities support thriving bird populations across Pennsylvania and beyond.
Bird Town PA’s Education Committee hosted the webinar as part of its ongoing effort to connect residents, landowners, and municipal leaders with science‑based strategies that enhance local biodiversity. Their mission, centered on community education, habitat conservation, and sustainable landscaping, aligned seamlessly with the themes Mike explored throughout the presentation.
To help extend the reach of this insightful discussion, we’ve collected highlights from the workshop and invite you to watch the full presentation:
Mike’s presentation provided a comprehensive look at the ecological principles behind bird behavior, the habitat features that sustain both common and rare species, and the steps landowners and municipalities can take to strengthen biodiversity within residential and park‑scale landscapes. He wove together life‑history science, soil and plant ecology, practical stewardship strategies, and community‑based conservation approaches to illustrate how thoughtful land management can meaningfully support bird populations across Pennsylvania.
He emphasized that all wildlife depends on very specific combinations of biotic and abiotic conditions, meaning that changes in habitat structure, vegetation, soils, and climate directly influence which species can persist in a landscape.
To illustrate this, Mike walked attendees through:
By examining real examples of species and their migratory behaviors, Mike demonstrated how the presence (or absence) of certain bird species can serve as a diagnostic indicator of habitat function and ecosystem health, revealing signs of environmental stress, habitat fragmentation, and the impacts of climate change.
Mike outlined the fundamental elements birds need to thrive, including food, water, shelter, mates, and protected nesting or rearing spaces, and demonstrated how providing these through intentional plant selection, structural habitat diversity, and management practices rooted in natural processes results in predictable increases in wildlife use.
He paired these concepts with a practical decision‑making framework for landowners and municipalities, encouraging them to understand soils as living systems, increase plant diversity, and use ecological tools such as USDA zones and native plant lists to guide planning. Mike also highlighted the important role residential and municipal landscapes can play in supporting rare and declining bird species, offering real‑world examples and resources to help translate ecological principles into effective habitat improvements.
Access to nature is a fundamental right, and every community has the power to help shape a healthier ecological future. With this message in mind, Mike outlined a variety of ways residents and municipalities can support bird species of greatest conservation need, including implementing building standards that incorporate bird-safe features, expanding education on responsible pet practices such as keeping cats indoors, ensuring feeding stations remain clean, and adding decals to windows around the home to prevent bird strikes. He emphasized the importance of expanding and enhancing public parks and green spaces, particularly in underserved areas, and supporting programs that foster stronger connections between people and the natural world.
Mike McGraw is a Certified Senior Ecologist and Wildlife Biologist with more than 20 years of experience conducting ecological assessments, wildlife surveys, and conservation-focused research across the United States and Canada. His work spans ecological restoration, regenerative agriculture research, and master planning for large landscapes. He teaches Avifaunal Ecology at the University of Pennsylvania and serves on several municipal and land trust committees. Some of Mike’s research on regenerative agriculture has been documented in film.
The webinar was hosted by the Bird Town PA Education Committee of Bird Town Pennsylvania, LLC. Bird Town PA partners with communities to promote sustainable practices, habitat conservation, and public education aimed at supporting Pennsylvania’s bird species. Through workshops, citizen science initiatives, and municipal programs, they empower people to make informed decisions that benefit both wildlife and human well-being. Learn more at birdtownpa.org.
Princeton Hydro is proud to announce our work with The Nature Conservancy (TNC) at South Cape May Meadows Preserve received the New Jersey Chapter of the American Society of Landscape Architects (NJASLA) Honor Award in the Landscape Architectural Design: Site Design category.
The award recognizes the Boardwalk Trail, a newly created half‑mile universally accessible route that offers visitors an immersive experience through one of the region’s most ecologically significant landscapes. Commissioned by TNC, the project was envisioned to provide inclusive public access and environmental education while safeguarding a fragile ecosystem that serves as a vital stopover along the Atlantic Flyway.
Award winners were celebrated during the NJASLA design Awards Program at Harrah's in Atlantic City. Landscape Architect Cory Speroff, PLA, ASLA, CBLP of Princeton Hydro, who served as both lead designer and project manager, accepted the award.
The South Cape May Meadows Boardwalk Trail sits within a 200-acre freshwater wetland estuary complex, a site historically restored by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to function as a natural sponge—filtering runoff, storing stormwater, and supporting amphibians, aquatic plants, and migratory birds. Nestled between historic Cape May, Cape May Point, and the Delaware Bay-Atlantic Ocean shoreline, the preserve is framed by protective dunes and a rich mosaic of sensitive habitat.
Designing a public trail within such a dynamic wetland required a careful balance of human experience and habitat preservation. The project’s goal: create an inviting, educational, and fully accessible route without disturbing critical hydrology, soils, or wildlife.
Wetlands present a unique set of constraints, including seasonal water fluctuations, soft soils, sensitive habitat, and tight regulatory requirements. Traditional construction methods and materials risked unnecessary disturbance and long‑term maintenance issues, making innovation essential.
To minimize impacts, the design team utilized helical pile foundations installed with lightweight equipment. This allowed the boardwalk to be constructed from the top down, significantly reducing ground disturbance. Material selections, such as recycled plastic deck boards, anodized aluminum structural components, and stainless‑steel fasteners, were chosen for their durability and resilience in the harsh coastal environment.
The result is a low‑impact, elevated boardwalk that blends seamlessly into the landscape, allowing visitors to experience the wetland’s seasonal rhythms while deepening their understanding of its ecosystems, preserving ecological function, and ultimately serving as a model for sustainable recreation in sensitive environments.
The NJASLA Design Awards Program "highlights exemplary works of landscape architecture and brings recognition to organizations and individuals who demonstrate superior skill in the practice and study of landscape architecture." Each year, the NJASLA Design Awards Program is juried by a sibling ASLA chapter; this year’s jury consisted of selected members of the Arizona ASLA Chapter, who evaluated submissions based on design excellence, innovation, and alignment with professional standards.
This year’s NJASLA Design Awards program featured 17 entries, with only nine receiving awards: one Chapter award, three Honor awards, and five Merit awards. Entrants must be full or associate ASLA members, and submissions are evaluated on strict criteria that reflect the organization’s mission to elevate professional standards and expand public awareness of landscape architecture. In addition to being showcased during the awards celebration, award winners will be featured in upcoming NJASLA newsletters, on the chapter website, and in event displays promoting excellence in landscape architecture across New Jersey.
To learn more about NJASLA and this year's award-winning projects, go here. To learn more about the South Cape May Meadows Preserve and our work with TNC to create a space where people of all abilities can enjoy nature, reflect, and find peace, go here.
Our team participated in a special community screening of the 4-part docuseries, "Roots So Deep (You Can See the Devil Down There)" at the historic Newtown Theatre in Pennsylvania. As one of the country’s oldest continuously operating theaters, the venue provided a meaningful setting for a film centered on heritage, land stewardship, and community. People throughout the region gathered to explore how regenerative grazing can restore soils, support wildlife, and strengthen the resilience of working farms. The event was co-hosted by Newtown Theatre, Bowman's Hill Wildflower Preserve, and Pinelands Nursery.
"Roots So Deep" follows farmers and researchers across the country as they test adaptive multi-paddock (AMP) grazing and measure its ecological impacts. This method mimics the way bison once roamed the land. The film explores themes of soil health, biodiversity, and the value of collaborative land management. Can AMP grazing can help farmers reduce costs by not buying fertilizer, restore depleted soils, rebuild wildlife habitat, and capture carbon?
At the center of the evening was Princeton Hydro Senior Wildlife Biologist Michael McGraw, CSE, QAWB, and ACE, who appears in the documentary for his work studying breeding bird populations in AMP grazed landscapes. His research examines how breeding bird communities differ between paddocks managed with AMP grazing and those that are continuously grazed. The film emphasizes that when grazing is managed thoughtfully, farmland can support both agricultural productivity and ecological benefits, including healthier wildlife populations.
After the screening, Mike participated in a Q and A session and shared insights from his fieldwork. He discussed how grazing practices shape habitat quality and influence wildlife communities, and he answered a range of questions from attendees who were eager to learn about the ecological implications of AMP systems.
Mike was joined by two regional partners. Fran Chismar from Pinelands Nursery contributed perspectives from the native plant restoration community. Fran also co-hosts the podcast Native Plants, Healthy Planet, which is recognized as a top 20 nature podcast and serves as an important platform for discussions on conservation and ecological stewardship. Santino Lauricello, representing Bowman’s Hill Wildflower Preserve, added context through his expertise in native flora and conservation education. Together, their voices reinforced the collaborative spirit that drives ecological work forward.
As the conversation between Mike, Fran, Santino, and the audience began to take shape, the tone was warm, thoughtful, and deeply engaged. Members of the audience responded to the film’s themes with genuine curiosity, asking questions that reflected a sincere interest in the ecological studies presented throughout the documentary. Their enthusiasm created a sense of shared purpose, highlighting a collective desire to support healthier ecosystems and continue learning from the research behind regenerative grazing.
Even if you weren’t able to join us for the screening, you can still be part of the ongoing conversation. The trio came together on the Native Plants, Healthy Planet Podcast for a special Roots So Deep recap episode, where they explored Mike’s involvement in the project, generational shifts in family‑run agricultural operations, and reflections from the live Q&A at the Newtown Theatre. The podcast provides a meaningful way to revisit the insights from the event and continue exploring the themes of regenerative grazing and ecological restoration. Listen now: Roots So Deep with Mike McGraw and Santino Lauricella
We are grateful to the Newtown Theatre, the event organizers, and the conservation partners who helped bring this screening to life. Gatherings like this illustrate the power of bringing science and storytelling together, creating space for communities to learn, reflect, and connect.
If Roots So Deep resonated with you or sparked your curiosity about regenerative grazing and ecological research, we encourage you to continue exploring the film’s themes, follow upcoming screenings, and stay connected with the conversations it inspires. Your interest and engagement help support the momentum behind this important work. If you're a farmer looking to switch to AMP grazing and want to measure the impact, we'd be happy to talk with you about how to get started. Send us a message.
New Jersey recently enacted comprehensive legislation aimed at addressing the ecological and economic impacts of invasive plant species across the state. Signed into law on January 20, 2026, by Governor Phil Murphy on his final day in office, the New Jersey Invasive Species Management Act (S1029/A4137) establishes a permanent, statewide framework governing how designated invasive plant species may be grown and sold.
The new law reflects more than two decades of deliberation and planning among policymakers, scientists, land managers, agricultural interests, and environmental organizations, and brings New Jersey into closer alignment with neighboring states that have already adopted invasive species regulations. Implementation will unfold over several years through agency rulemaking, appointment of the New Jersey Invasive Species Council, and the phased evaluation and designation of regulated species. As these elements take shape, the law establishes a durable, science‑based framework for managing invasive plants, one that allows for adaptation as new research emerges and ecological conditions change.
This blog outlines the core components of the NJ Invasive Species Management Act, explains how implementation will unfold, and explores what the law may mean for land managers, nurseries, municipalities, and others across the state.
Invasive plant species are widely recognized as a major driver of ecosystem degradation. Once established, they can outcompete native vegetation, alter soil chemistry and hydrology, reduce wildlife habitat, and complicate land management and restoration efforts.
Prior to S1029/A4137, New Jersey was one of a small number of states without a dedicated invasive species statute, despite growing scientific consensus on the risks posed by invasive plants and the costs associated with their management. While state agencies had some authority to address invasive species under existing environmental and agricultural laws, the absence of a unified framework created regulatory gaps and inconsistencies. The NJ Invasive Species Management Act is intended to address these gaps by establishing uniform statewide standards and clear, enforceable limits on specific activities associated with invasive plants.
The law prohibits specific activities involving "Prohibited Invasive Species," defined as "an invasive species whose introduction causes, or may cause, substantial economic or environmental harm or harm to human health, or substantially threatens, or may threaten, natural resources or the use of natural resources in the State," and are listed in Section 4 of the Act. Prohibited activities (without a permit) include propagating, importing/exporting, selling, or advertising the sale of the regulated species.
The law establishes a phased compliance schedule designed to give affected industries and organizations time to adjust:
This graduated timeline is intended to allow nurseries and growers to manage existing inventory, shift production practices, and transition toward non-invasive or native alternatives. Moving forward, when new species are added, the same 13‑month and 49‑month phase‑in applies from the date the updated list is published, unless the NJ Invasive Species Council recommends a different timeline.
In addition to regulatory measures, the law directs the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP) to develop a website that includes the updated list of prohibited invasive species with information about how to identify the species, best practices for mitigation, and, where possible, alternative native species options. The intent is to support informed decision-making by homeowners, landscapers, municipalities, and land managers; not simply to restrict plant choices.
S1029 does not rely solely on a static list. Instead, it creates a living regulatory framework. The statute names an initial set of invasive plants, which includes widely recognized invasives such as Norway maple (Acer platanoides), tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima), and English ivy (Hedera helix). Other species that have long raised ecological concerns, such as Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii), burning bush (Euonymus alatus), and Callery pear (Pyrus calleryana), are also expected to be evaluated. The NJDEP, in consultation with the NJ Department of Agriculture, must publish an official list of invasive and prohibited species within one year of enactment. The law also establishes a mechanism for updating the list annually based on scientific criteria and Council recommendations, allowing the state to respond to emerging threats, new research, and changing climate.
A curated visual guide, created by Pinelands Nursery, illustrates the invasive plant species included in the first phase of implementation under New Jersey’s new law:
The legislation includes provisions recognizing the operational realities of nurseries and plant suppliers. Rather than mandating immediate removal of existing nursery inventory, the law allows for an orderly phase-out process, reducing economic disruption while still advancing the law's ecological goals. However, once those deadlines pass, the NJ Department of Agriculture Secretary or the NJDEP Commissioner are both authorized to assess penalties for violations. For repeat offenses, penalties may reach up to $2,000 per day.
One of the most significant structural elements of the new law is the reestablishment of the New Jersey Invasive Species Council as a permanent body in statute. The Council, originally created in 2004 but disbanded in 2010, is now formally restored with an expanded and clearly defined role.
The Council will consist of 19 members representing a cross-section of expertise and interests, including state agencies, environmental organizations, agriculture, the nursery industry, and academic institutions. Its primary responsibilities include advising the NJDEP and NJ Department of Agriculture on:
By embedding the Council in statute, the law aims to ensure continuity, transparency, and scientific rigor in invasive species decision-making.
The New Jersey Invasive Species Management Act represents a significant shift in how the state approaches invasive plant management by placing enforceable boundaries around practices that have historically contributed to the spread of invasive plants.
The law was approved unanimously by both chambers of the New Jersey Legislature, reflecting bipartisan agreement on the ecological and economic risks posed by invasive species. An earlier version of the bill had been vetoed in 2024 over questions of agency authority, but subsequent revisions addressed those concerns and cleared the way for final passage.
To read the full statutory language and implementation details of the New Jersey Invasive Species Management Act, click here. For information about Princeton Hydro's work to mitigate invasive species in the Mid-Atlantic, click here to explore our blog, "Invasive Species in Focus: Impacts, Solutions, and Restoration Successes."
More than a century after the Paulina Lake Dam first altered the Paulins Kill River, the site now tells a very different story. A recent return visit confirms what restoration practitioners know well: when barriers are removed, rivers heal. Today, the Paulins Kill flows freely through the former Paulina Lake Dam site, reconnecting habitats that had been fragmented for generations.
The Paulina Lake Dam stood for nearly 130 years in Blairstown Township, Warren County, NJ. Constructed in the late 1800s to generate hydropower, it had long outlived its original purpose. Like many aging dams across the country, it remained in place despite no longer serving a critical function, while continuing to disrupt river processes and pose growing safety risks.
As reported in CentralJersey.com’s recent feature “The fall of dams and rise of rivers,” the majority of New Jersey’s approximately 1,700 regulated dams were built in the 19th and early 20th centuries to power mills that no longer exist. Fewer than a dozen still serve an essential purpose today. Many persist due to nostalgia, misunderstanding, or uncertainty around removal—despite blocking fish passage, trapping sediment, warming water temperatures, exacerbating flooding, and increasing the risk of failure.
The removal of Paulina Lake Dam was led by The Nature Conservancy (TNC) in partnership with Blairstown Township, New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Riverlogic–Renova Joint Venture, and Princeton Hydro. The Office of Natural Resources Revenue awarded a grant to TNC to fund a substantial portion of the removal through the Paulins Kill and Pequest Watershed Natural Resource Restoration Grant Program.
The project advanced through carefully sequenced phases, beginning with controlled notching in late 2023, followed by full demolition and sediment management in 2024, and transitioning into final adaptive management and habitat enhancement in 2025.
The ecological response has been swift and visible.
With the dam removed, more than 7.6 miles of mainstem and tributary habitat have been reconnected at the Paulina Lake site alone. The removal of the Paulina Lake Dam represents one important element of a longer-term, watershed-scale restoration initiative launched in 2013 to restore connectivity and ecological function along the Paulins Kill River. As the downstream most dam on the river, its removal builds upon earlier restoration milestones achieved through the removal of four dams: the Columbia Lake Main and Remnant Dams in 2019, the County Line Dam in 2021, and now the Paulina Lake Dam, progressively reconnecting approximately 45 miles of mainstem and tributary habitat.
Since 2016, The Nature Conservancy has also implemented a 10-year Measures and Monitoring Program to track ecological response and conservation outcomes, providing clear evidence that coordinated, science-based restoration can support a healthier, more resilient river system.
The river channel is actively stabilizing, riffle and run sequences are re-forming, and previously inundated areas are beginning to revegetate. Cooler water temperatures and the restoration of sediment transport processes are enabling the Paulins Kill to function more consistently with a cold, free‑flowing, coarse‑substrate stream system.
This recovery is already benefiting aquatic life. As Beth Styler Barry, Director of Freshwater Programs for The Nature Conservancy in New Jersey, noted in the CentralJersey.com article, “We’re already seeing American shad above the dams that were removed. We’re seeing sea lamprey and American eel. It used to be that only the biggest eels could make it upstream. Now we’re seeing all age classes.”
By reconnecting upstream and downstream populations that had been isolated for generations, the project has also restored connectivity for rare freshwater mussels, including the endangered dwarf wedgemussel (Alasmidonta heterodon) and triangle floater (Alasmidonta undulata).
“All of the organisms in a river like the Paulins Kill evolved to live in a cool, flowing, rocky-bottom stream,” Styler Barry told CentralJersey.com. “When you restore flow, the river begins to heal itself.”
A newly released project video captures this transformation in a way that still images and written updates cannot.
Drawing on aerial footage collected by The Nature Conservancy’s Volunteer Drone Team prior to demolition and by Princeton Hydro throughout and after construction, the video documents the full arc of the Paulina Lake Dam removal from initial notching through full demolition and into the restored conditions visible today. The footage provides a comprehensive look at dam removal in practice, illustrating how careful sequencing, sediment management, and adaptive design allow rivers to recover rapidly once barriers are removed.
Beyond ecological gains, the removal of Paulina Lake Dam has significantly improved public safety and community resilience. In CentralJersey.com, Geoffrey M. Goll, PE, President of Princeton Hydro, emphasized the long-term risks associated with aging dams. “If you don’t take care of them, they’ll come out on their own—and that’s a much bigger problem. Once dams are properly removed, people start to see the value of a free-flowing river.”
Many dams were never designed to withstand today’s hydrologic conditions. With climate change driving more frequent and intense rainfall events, proactive removal reduces flood risk, eliminates inspection and maintenance liabilities, and allows rivers to function as more resilient, self-sustaining systems. At the Paulina Lake site, removal has also improved recreational access and restored a more natural landscape for the community.
While the Paulins Kill now flows freely through the former Paulina Lake Dam site, final project phases focus on adaptive management, targeted bank stabilization, habitat feature enhancement, and native tree planting to support long term ecological resilience. As the river continues to adjust and evolve, the Paulina Lake Dam site stands as a clear example of what is possible when outdated infrastructure is thoughtfully removed and natural systems are given the opportunity to recover.
As 2025 comes to a close, we’re proud to reflect on a year of innovation, collaboration, and impact. From advancing ecosystem restoration and water quality initiatives to sharing expertise on the global stage, these milestones showcase the dedication of our team and the strength of our partnerships. None of this would have been possible without the trust and support of our clients, collaborators, and community. Join us as we celebrate the Top 10 Successes of 2025:
After more than a century of standing, the Paulina Lake Dam on the Paulins Kill River in Warren County, NJ, was fully removed, marking a transformative milestone for one of New Jersey’s largest tributaries to the Delaware River. Led by The Nature Conservancy New Jersey and funded by NJDEP Division of Fish and Wildlife, this multi-phase project concluded this summer with the third and final phase that included adaptive management work and habitat enhancements to boost biodiversity. We provided engineering design and oversight throughout the effort helping restore natural river flow and improve ecological resilience. On the Farmington River in Connecticut, the Winchell-Smith Dam was fully removed after more than a decade of planning and collaboration. Spearheaded by the Farmington River Watershed Association, this project reconnects 30 miles of critical upstream habitat, improving fish passage for species like American shad, alewife, and American eel. We contributed engineering, design, and project oversight, working alongside partners including Miss Porter’s School, CTDEEP Fisheries, and RiverLogic Solutions. The removal enhances ecological health, fish passage, public safety, and recreational opportunities along one of New England’s most celebrated rivers.
We delivered incredible results for our nonprofit and government partners, securing over $3.2 million in funding to support projects that restore ecosystems, enhance habitats, improve water quality, and implement watershed-based green infrastructure and stormwater BMPs, with grants awarded through the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation’s Delaware Watershed Conservation Fund and Section 319(h) of the federal Clean Water Act, administered by NJDEP’s Watershed and Land Management Program. We assisted the Borough of Mountain Lakes in securing grant funding from the New Jersey Highlands Council to develop a comprehensive Lake and Watershed Management Plan for nine lakes within the Borough. Also noteworthy: of the 17 total 319(h) grants awarded statewide this year, we’re proud to be a partner on five, demonstrating our commitment to advancing watershed restoration and sustainability.
In partnership with Friends of Hopewell Valley Open Space, we kicked off a groundbreaking research project: “Monitoring Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) in the Delaware River Watershed Using Drones and Spatial Analysis.” Funded by the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation through the Delaware Watershed Conservation Fund, this $1M initiative leverages drone technology, advanced data modeling, and community science to improve forecasting and management of HABs across a 73-mile stretch of the Delaware River and 23 associated waterbodies. We conceptualized and designed the project and are leading technical implementation, including field survey design, drone operations, data analysis, and volunteer training. By integrating drone-based remote sensing, on-the-water sampling, and spatial analysis, we aim to develop predictive tools for early detection and mitigation of HABs, helping protect drinking water supplies, wildlife, and local economies. This collaborative effort includes partners such as NYC College of Technology, Trenton Water Works, Mercer County Park Commission, The College of New Jersey, Aqua-PA, Philadelphia Water Department, Bucks County Conservation District, and Turner Designs. Data collection began in August will resume in Spring/Summer 2026 and culminate in 2027 with a final report.
Just this month, Princeton Hydro was honored with the Princeton Mercer Regional Chamber “Innovator of the Year” Award and President Geoffrey M. Goll, PE received the “Notable Achievement” Award from SAME New Jersey Post during their Annual Holiday Luncheon. Geoffrey also received a “Lifetime Achievement Award” from the New Jersey Highlands Coalition for his dedication to protecting and enhancing New Jersey’s environmental, cultural, and natural resources. For another year in row, Princeton Hydro was recognized as one of New Jersey’s “Top Workplaces of 2025.” In partnership with Warrington Township, our transformative ecological uplift initiative at Lion’s Pride Park won the 2025 Pennsylvania Governor’s Award for Environmental Excellence. We were selected as the recipient of the Friends of Hopewell Valley Open Space “Corporate Conservation Recognition" Award, a distinction that celebrates our long-standing dedication to advancing ecological resilience through science-based, innovative solutions. And, along with Crow Holdings, we were chosen for the United Away "Spirit of Philanthropy” Award.
In New York, we completed the Spring Creek North Ecosystem Restoration Project, revitalizing 43 acres of degraded habitat within the historic Jamaica Bay salt marsh system. The project restored a mosaic of ecosystems, including low marsh, high marsh, scrub-shrub wetland, and maritime upland, through activities like recontouring uplands to intertidal elevations, thin-layer sand placement, invasive species removal, and native plantings. This effort improves water quality, biodiversity, and wildlife habitat, contributing to the long-term health of Jamaica Bay. In the Meadowlands of New Jersey, we helped design and build the Steven R. Rothman Overlook and Preserve, a new five-acre public open space within the 587-acre Richard P. Kane Natural Area. The site offers ADA-accessible trails, sweeping views of the Meadowlands and NYC skyline, and a gateway into one of the state’s most ecologically significant landscapes along the Atlantic Flyway. We provided environmental, civil, and geotechnical engineering, landscape architecture, and construction oversight, ensuring the space honors decades of conservation work while creating opportunities for community connection and nature-based recreation.
Our team continues to shine, reaching new heights in research, professional development, and industry leadership. Senior Wildlife Biologist Michael McGraw, CSE, QAWB, ACE co-authored a study published in Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, a leading journal in agroecological research, and was featured on the Native Plants, Healthy Planet podcast, a Top 20 Nature Apple podcast with over 7,000 monthly listeners. Senior Director of Field Services Scott Churm became a PRO Certified EutroSORB® Specialist, and Geotechnical Engineer Matthew Pappas, CSS earned the highly respected Certified Construction Specifier credential from the Construction Specifications Institute. We also welcomed five new team members: Controller Andy Ryba; Senior Water Resources Engineer Rich Farella, PE, CFM; Staff Engineer Patricia Hurley, EIT; Marketing & Proposal Manager Amie Souza, and Aquatics Project Manager Tanya Dapkey, CE who earned her ESA Certified Ecologist credential this year. Way to go, team! Your dedication and talent continue to inspire us all.
Princeton Hydro teamed up with Billion Oyster Project, AKRF, and Monmouth University to explore how restored oyster reefs are revitalizing New York City’s waterways. The project, “Monitoring of Mobile Estuarine Organisms at Restored Oyster Reefs,” combines hands-on species surveys with cutting-edge environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis to capture a complete picture of reef biodiversity. As the field sampling lead, our team conducted monitoring at sites including Brooklyn Bridge Park, Bush Terminal Park, Flushing Bay, and Paedergat Basin. These efforts revealed a diverse array of estuarine life, from schooling fish to a surprise dogfish, and collected eDNA samples for advanced species detection. By integrating traditional sampling with innovative genetic tools, this collaboration is helping refine strategies for scaling up oyster reef restoration and strengthening the ecological resilience of New York Harbor.
This year, Princeton Hydro shared expertise on the global stage and celebrated major milestones in international river restoration. Senior Technical Director of Ecological Services Dr. Fred Lubnow traveled to Lisbon, Portugal, for the 17th International Symposium on Aquatic Plants, where he presented on managing submerged aquatic vegetation to prevent harmful algal blooms. Director of Aquatics Michael Hartshorne spoke at the Southern African Society for Aquatic Scientists Congress in Pietermaritzburg, South Africa, an event that convened researchers, industry professionals, and government leaders to advance aquatic science through collaboration and applied research. President Geoffrey M. Goll, PE, participated in a symposium in Durban, South Africa, focused on Dam Management and Restoration of River Connectivity organized by Dam Removal South Africa and the Institute of Natural Resources. We also celebrated progress in Portugal: Dam Removal Europe published a new case study on the Perofilho Weir removal and stream restoration project in Santarém for which Geoffrey M. Goll contributed to the removal design, helping reconnect 2.5 km of stream habitat and restore fish passage. In February, we published a blog highlighting Geoffrey's ongoing collaboration in Portugal and his October 2024 visit to key restoration sites, showcasing how barrier removal is addressing river fragmentation and creating a blueprint for future efforts.
We collaborated with the Bucks County Conservation District and Bucks County Planning Commission to launch the Lake Luxembourg Restoration StoryMap, an interactive tool that chronicles the decade-long effort to restore Lake Luxembourg’s Conservation Pool. This dynamic resource combines maps, multimedia, and storytelling to make restoration details accessible to the public. Working with Rutgers University’s Climate Change Resource Center and The Nature Conservancy, we contributed technical expertise to the New Jersey Nature-Based Solutions: Planning, Implementation, and Monitoring Reference Guide. This comprehensive guide offers science-based strategies, case studies, and funding resources to help communities implement nature-based solutions statewide. In partnership with the Borough of Harveys Lake, we developed a ArcGIS StoryMap that chronicles the community’s long-standing commitment to water quality, showcases a pilot project aimed at reducing stormwater nutrient pollution, and connects local efforts to broader Chesapeake Bay watershed health. And, for the Lower Makefield Township Environmental Advisory Council, Geoffrey M. Goll, PE, developed a Rain Gardens 101 step-by-step tutorial on designing and building rain gardens. The recorded presentation, now available to the public, provides practical tips and visuals to help homeowners improve stormwater management and support pollinator habitats.
We strengthened partnerships and advanced critical conversations through a year of dynamic engagement. From technical conferences to community events, our team shared expertise, fostered collaboration, and inspired action on climate resilience, water quality, and ecosystem restoration. Princeton Hydro was proud to participate as a sponsor, exhibitor, and session presenter at the New Jersey Association for Floodplain Management 20th Annual Conference and Exhibition - Christiana Pollack, CERP, CFM, GISP, Director of Restoration and Resilience, presented on strategies to address climate-driven impacts in Philadelphia and Clay Emerson, PhD, PE, CFM, Senior Technical Director of Engineering, led a session on establishing a stormwater utility. We participated in six SAME events, including the National Small Business Conference in Phoenix, AZ. President Geoffrey M. Goll, PE, presented to 300+ attendees during the 2025 National Dam Safety Program Technical Seminar. We gave two presentations at the Society for Ecological Restoration World Conference. Senior Manager of Aquatics Chris L. Mikolajczyk, CLM, and Senior Technical Director of Ecological Services Dr. Fred Lubnow presented at the 42nd Annual NYSFOLA Conference. As part of the Invasive Aquatic Plant Management portion of the Northeast Aquatic Plant Management Society Annual Meeting, Aquatic Ecologist Jesse Smith led a workshop on Brittle Naiad (Najas minor) Management. Aquatics Project Manager and Environmental Scientist Pat Rose presented at NJDEP’s 6th Annual Harmful Algal Bloom Summit. During the New Jersey Coastal Resilience Collaborative for its Coastal Ecological Restoration Technical Workshop, Director of Marketing & Communications, Dana Patterson Grear, presented “How to Build a Digital Communications Toolkit for Climate Action.” Locally, we celebrated community and stewardship through events like the Trenton Reel and Restore Day and Trenton River Fest. These are just a few highlights from a truly impactful year!
As we look back on these achievements, we are deeply grateful for the relationships that made them possible. Your confidence in and support of our mission empowers us to innovate, restore, and protect the natural resources we all depend on. Here’s to building on this momentum in 2026 and continuing to make a positive impact together!
Across Eswatini’s rural landscape, geography often dictates opportunity. Rivers that swell during rainy seasons can separate families from schools, healthcare, and markets, making daily routines unpredictable and sometimes unsafe. In the three years before the Imphumelelo Footbridge was completed, five people tragically lost their lives and ten were injured attempting to cross during floods. To help address this challenge, volunteers from the Engineers in Action chapter at Rutgers University joined with other students from the University of Iowa, Hofstra University, and Northwestern University, during the summer of 2025, living and working alongside local communities to build the Imphumelelo Footbridge. Each student chapter is responsible for raising the funds needed to purchase construction materials, making the project both a test of resourcefulness and commitment. For Rutgers students, the experience offered not only the chance to apply technical skills in the field, but also invaluable hands-on learning that deepened their understanding of engineering in practice.
At 108 meters long, the Imphumelelo Footbridge is the second longest bridge completed by the Rutgers Chapter in Eswatini, a small, landlocked country in Southern Africa, funded in part by the Microprojects Programme and constructed through the nonprofit Engineers in Action. Now providing safe, year‑round access for more than 1,320 people, the bridge drastically reduces travel distances to healthcare and schools, while standing as a testament to Rutgers students’ commitment to connecting communities and expanding opportunity.
This video offers a glimpse into the construction process itself, showing how the Rutgers Engineers in Action Chapter worked alongside community members in Eswatini to bring the bridge to life. Viewers can see the challenges that arose, the teamwork that solved them, and the collaborative spirit that carried the project from planning to completion:
The Imphumelelo Footbridge was the result of four months of careful preplanning and two months of intensive construction in southern Eswatini. This was the farthest site Engineers in Action has worked on, located nearly three hours by car from the nearest city. The remote setting added complexity to the project, but it also underscored the importance of building a reliable crossing for the communities who would depend on it.
Construction was not without its challenges. When hoisting the suspension cables, the team’s winch broke because it was old and rusted. With the guidance of local masons, students improvised solutions, even resorting to manually knocking the cables to adjust their height. On anchor pouring day, when several batches of concrete were poured to secure the massive blocks through which the cables run, shifting wood supports forced the team to pause, reassess, and slightly reduce the bearing load to ensure stability. Concrete mixing also presented difficulties, since batches sometimes contained too much water.
Rutgers Engineers in Action Co-President, Ula Sokolowski devised a practical solution: mixing gravel, sand, and cement without water, then combining it with the wetter batch to achieve the correct ratio. Reflecting on the experience, Ula noted, "Much of engineering happens behind a desk, but being on site and contributing directly to the build was a completely different experience. Learning how to do every part of the process was not only valuable, but genuinely fun."
Aito Sterle, who served as a Quality Control Manager on Rutgers project in the previous year, the project was equally transformative. Aito explained, “The experience completely changed my engineering mindset. Traveling gave me a new perspective on life and exposed me to a whole variety of problems that required creative solutions. As a quality control manager, I was able to dive into the nitty‑gritty of bridge building and really understand the ins and outs of the process. Even though we weren’t part of the initial design, we felt connected to it on site — documenting each step, taking precise measurements, and ensuring everything was engineered to a T. It opened my eyes to how engineering truly works in the real world.”
The process was a full collaborative effort between students and community members: mixing concrete, sifting sand, moving rocks, and passing buckets of concrete down long human chains. Local masons built walls from stone, while students documented each step and checked measurements to ensure precision. For many community members, the project offered not only a chance to contribute to lasting infrastructure, but also meaningful daily work in a region where jobs are scarce.
The bridge’s completion was celebrated not only by the Rutgers team and local residents, but also by community leaders. At the handover ceremony, MP David Ngcamphalala of Qomintaba emphasized the power of collaboration, stating, “Nothing is impossible when people work together.”
Engineers in Action Program Manager Ana Jovanovic echoed this sentiment, describing the Imphumelelo Footbridge as “a promise of safety, opportunity, and connection. It will save lives, open access to healthcare, and help the next generation reach their classrooms without fear.”
Local leaders also looked ahead to future development. Bucopho of Sigwe expressed gratitude to the Microprojects Programme and appealed for continued support, noting that the dedication of Members of Parliament, Indvuna Yenkhundla, and community leaders gave him confidence that more projects would follow in Qomintaba and Matsanjeni South.
These reflections, reported in the Africa-Press – Eswatini, highlight how the Imphumelelo Footbridge was not only a technical achievement but also a symbol of partnership, resilience, and hope for the communities it serves.
Beyond construction, the Rutgers Engineers in Action team immersed themselves in local life. Prior to travel, students studied language and cultural traditions with the help of a Cultural Relationships Manager, preparing them to build genuine connections. Once in Eswatini, those connections flourished. Community members welcomed the students warmly, eager to share experiences and perspectives.
Every Saturday, soccer matches and games brought students and residents together. Music often filled the downtime at the construction site, with dance becoming a universal language that bridged cultural and linguistic gaps. Families opened their homes to the volunteers, with one household affectionately adopting the students for the duration of their stay.
For Rutgers students, these relationships were as impactful as the bridge itself. The project was not only about engineering a structure, but also about building trust, friendship, and mutual respect across cultures.
Engineers in Action began in 2009 as an international nonprofit dedicated to connecting isolated communities to essential resources through sustainable infrastructure projects. Originally linked with the Bridges to Prosperity program, Engineers in Action has expanded its mission to include not only footbridges, but also water and sanitation systems that empower underserved communities. Student chapters across the United States and Canada have played a vital role in advancing this mission, gaining hands-on engineering experience while helping communities overcome barriers to education, healthcare, and economic opportunity.
To continue building bridges and expanding access to vital resources, Engineers in Action relies on donations. Contributions directly fund materials, logistics, and training that make future projects possible. Supporting Engineers in Action means helping students like those from Rutgers bring their skills to communities in need, while ensuring that families around the world can safely reach schools, hospitals, and markets. For more information check out the chapters Linktree. Readers who wish to make a difference are encouraged to consider donating to the Rutgers Engineers in Action Chapter at their year end campaign or their main donation page and become part of the effort to bridge divides and expand opportunity.
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